Chapter 22: War

President of the Disunited States 1861 AL takes office Came in disguise at night 7 states had bailed Capitol not finished Did not see it legal that South Split Geographically…How do we separate? How would we figure out debts? Fugitive Slave law? Easy target for Europe

South Carolina First shots Federal Forts in Southern territory Fort Sumter: Charleston Harbor Commander running out of supplies(100 men) Lincoln’s question: What to do? Send supplies look like war. Don’t send supplies looks like we are weak. Send ship with letter to South. We come in Peace! South fires Some northerners even say, “go in peace.”

April “It’s ON!” Sumter got N fired up – Ready to fight – Volunteers called – BLOCKADE

Brother v. Brother Border states: part of N still – WV created – N need supplies, routes and raw materials – Ohio River: Hoped to have God, but had to have Kentucky How to get – Martial law/Against Const? – Soldiers in states – Lincoln could not enlist free blacks, would lose border states – Save the union/not about slavery

Many Natives in Indian Territory with S – South reached out to Natives – Cherokee had slaves – Plains Indians with N Families divided – Many family members fought family members

Advantages and Dsdvantages N AdvN Disadv. S advS Disadv

Balance S-Advantage at beginning defensive Did not have to win High morale Bred to fight Better officers Problems: – No factories – Bad transport – Supply shortages in end, started OK, but could not keep up – Economically weak – North controlled Sea

North Advantages – Manpower – Immigrants – Sea power Disadvantages – Bad commanders – Did not know land – corruption

Dethroning Cotton The South was betting on intervention – Upper class Europe supportive of S – Needed Cotton Bad Bet: Working Europe like N – Uncle Tom helped with that Brits have surplus cotton – Egyptian Cotton N helped out England later in war to keep them with us (sold captured cotton) King wheat and corn were bigger then King Cotton in end

Diplomacy Europe wanted the US to fail and wanted to be friends with winner, played games Trent Affair – Union warship stopped a British steamer and asked for Southerners on board, British say no – Some in Brit call for war – Slow communications = cooler heads

Foreign Flare ups Alabama – ship built in England – sent to be armed – Eventually sunk – Fought all around world Laird Rams – Rams and guns – Ended up giving them to British Navy – British paid us 15.5 million for damages

American anger towards Canada – S using it as jumping off point to N – N invaded Canada in small groups/especially Irish – 1867 Dominion of Canada

Napoleon III took Mexico City and installed Maximilian Nap figured we would not back Monroe based on war After war, Max eventually abandoned and faced firing squad

Davis Vs. Lincoln Davis – States rights foundation and downfall – Constantly try to make everyone happy or they might secede – Not charismatic – impeachment – Overworked – Beyond his ability, or anyone’s Lincoln – Had long established gov. and could build off that

Limitations on Wartime Liberties Lincoln took some liberties, but they were not going to be permanent – Money for military purposes to civilians – Blockade without congress’ approval – Suspended habeas corpus – Supervised voting in Border states (between troops)

Volunteers and Draftees 1863 N passed conscription act – Could hire out, 300 bucks NY riots over draft. – NY more Democrat, saw as attack by other party to send them 90% of N volunteers Used immigrants, substitutes – Draft jumpers South – in 1862 – Both used African Americans but waited until desperate

Economic Stresses How to pay? N – Excise tax, income tax, Tariff – Morrill Tariff Act 10% Greenback money released – Fluctuated due to lack of gold so if union doing well, money worth more Bonds: Sold by Jay Cook who got %

National Banking System 1863 – Launched to help sell bonds – establish Standard bank note currency Connected banks to National bank Made more sound, got rid of rag money 1 st time since 1836

South Economics South had no custom duties Sold bonds Tax on farm goods Blue backs Inflation People selling their possessions

Shoddy Millionaires Lot of money to be made during war New factories, new tariffs Inflated prices Millionaire class Dishonest and bad equipment New inventions allowed business to carry on petroleum

women Jobs for women making goods/filling in at factories Role in war as support, nurses Clara Barton: Red Cross Blackwell: Sanitary Commission provided medical supplies to the field

Crushed Cotton Kingdom % worlds wealth % Transportation collapsed S did everything to hold on, but just not enough Industrial age about to begin