Instructor: Dr. Shahzad A. Mufti Advisor Department of Biosciences Developmental Biology BIO-233

Introduction: Asexual and Sexual reproduction. History of embryology. Gametogenesis: Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis. Molecular events during Oogenesis, Nuclear and Cytoplasmic events, Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis. Fertilization: External and Internal, Egg and Sperm recognition, Activation of Gamete metabolism, Fusion of Genetic material. Course Contents February 13, 20162Introduction

Early development: Cleavage: patterns and control. Gastrulation: Morphogenetic movement of cells and cellular rearrangements in amphibian, Fate maps. Early development in birds. Early developments in mammals (Humans). Formation of Embryonic axis, Functions of the Organizer and Mechanism of Induction. Regional Specificity of Induction. Course Contents February 13, 20163Introduction

A breif description of organogenesis in vertebrates. Metamorphosis in Amphibia. Regeneration: Epimorphosis in Urodeles. Aging: the Biology of Senescence. Medical implications of Developmental biology, Teratogenesis: Genetic and Environmental causes. Cloning, Gene therapy and Stem cell research. Course Contents February 13, 20164Introduction

February 13, 20165Introduction Text / Reference Books Developmental Biology, by Scott F. Gillbert. 8 th Ed. (2006). Sinauer Associates, Inc. Massachusetts. Analysis of Biological Development, by Klaus Kalthoff. 2 nd Ed. (2001) McGraw Hill, New York. Principles of Developmental Biology, by Fred H. Wilt and Sarah Hake (2004) W. W. Norton &Co., New York, London.

February 13, 20166Introduction First Sessional = 10% Quiz-1 = 7% Second Sessional = 15% Quiz-2 = 8% Lab = 10% Final = 50% Marks Distribution

February 13, 20167Introduction Reproduction: One of three “Basic” instincts Asexual and Sexual Reproduction. Scope of study. Phases of development: ontogenetic cycle. History of Developmental Biology: Aristotle’s (350 BC) times to Harvey’s time (1651); studies on chick embryo.

February 13, 20168Introduction Theories of Preformation (Bonnet, 1764) and Epigenesis (Wolff, 1767). Von Baer’s work (1828). First book’ Baer’s Law: Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’. “Biogenetic Law” of Muller-Haeckle (1868) Discovery of Cell; demise of preformation. The new interpretation of “Preformation and Epigenesis”.

February 13, 20169Introduction “Developmental Biology is one of the fastest growing and most exciting field in biology, creating a framework that integrates molecular biology, physiology, cell biology, genetics, anatomy, cancer research, neurobiology, immunology, ecology and evolutionary biology. The study of development has become essential for understanding any other area of biology”.* * S. F. Gilbert, Developmental Biology, Page 4.

February 13, Introduction

February 13, Introduction

February 13, Introduction

February 13, Introduction

February 13, Introduction

February 13, Introduction

February 13, Introduction