추론(논리)집합 추론이란 무엇인가 ? 어째서 어떤 추론은 여러분이 수긍할수 있고 다른 것은 궤변이라고 생각되는가 ? 기준은 무엇인가 ? 철학자, 논리학자, 수학자, 과학자, 경제 학자, 사회학자, 인문학자, 문학가의 논 리는 다 각각 다른가 ? 정치가, 위정자, 선 동가의.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
Advertisements

Winning ways to Communicate with kids - Part 1 PATCHES Life Skills Program.
The Apology Philosophy 21 Fall, 2004 G. J. Mattey.
Apology Erik Rankin – POL 161 Fall 07. Apology Discussion of the word “apology” (apologia) as used in ancient Greece Socrates has 3 charges made against.
Aristotelian logic Lesson 7.
Socrates (470 – 399 BCE).
Outcome: The Athenian Golden Age
SOCRATES Principles of adult learning The only good is knowledge and the only evil is ignorance The unexamined life is not worth living Socrates engages.
Listen to : The Abduction of Helen of Troy e.mp3?c_id= &expiration= &hwt=f2aaff954f5cf.
Greek Philosophy.
The Apology of Socrates By George Dunn, Lecturer in Philosophy and Ethics, University of Indianapolis; Adjunct Lecturer in Philosophy and Ethics, IUPUI;
Bell Ringer What are the Iliad and the Odyssey about?
Good Morning… Ms. Krall Room 347. First Things First… Are you in the right class? Are you in the right class? Welcome to Philosophy and Ethics! Welcome.
FACTORING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
I can explain the ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Socrates was born in 470 BC, in Athens, Greece. Socrates was the son of Sophroniscus, an Athenian stone mason and sculptor, and Phaenarete, a midwife.
Greek Philosophy and History
Welcome to Philosophy and Ethics! Ms. Krall Room 347.
The Apology Socrates and the Defense of the Philosophical Life.
Categorical Syllogisms
Plato’s Apology.
Plato’s Apology Introduction and Questions. Introduction apologia = a defence speech Multiple differing apologies Reliability? 3 parts (no prosecution.
Ancient Greek Culture and Plato Quiz
Apology of Socrates Socrates’ “Defense Speech” - Plato’s Defense of Philosophy.
Notes: Philosophy Philosophy – love of wisdom.
Where Should I go to University?. That depends on your answers to some questions.
Geschke/English IV Plato's Apology Apology By Plato 429 B.C.-347 B.C.
“THERE IS ONLY ONE GOOD, KNOWLEDGE, AND ONE EVIL, IGNORANCE.” DO YOU AGREE WITH THE STATEMENT ABOVE? WHY OR WHY NOT? EXPLAIN IN 4 TO 5 SENTENCES. Do Now.
Plato's Apology “The unexamined life is not worth living.” --Socrates.
Philosophy AND The Great Western Philosopher. PHILOSOPHY AND SOCRATES  “Philosophy ”, which means “the love of wisdom ”.
The Ancient Greek Philosophers Socrates Σωκράτη ς.
Review for Intro to Western Philosophy Test DO NOW: Take out all notes and handouts that you have for this class. This review will touch on the major themes,
The Three Most Famous Greek Philosophers Socrates Plato Aristotle.
Socrates on Trial.
Socrates & Plato: Cornerstones of Western Thought.
Logic and Reasoning.
Philosophy in Ancient Greece. Greek Philosophy Philosophy= love of wisdom Importance of reason – The Greeks began to be concerned with “life questions”
Socrates: A New Type of Greek Hero. Bertrand Russell Wrote “To teach how to live without certainty, and yet without being paralyzed by hesitation, is.
Socrates: His Life and Times. The Delian League Thasos Naxos Delos Lesbos Melos.
Today’s Vocab Parthenon- Built during the Peloponnesian War to honor the Goddess Athena. Socratic Method- Theory of Socrates that involved constantly asking.
Greece Society and Culture Literature Philosophy -Socrates -Plato -Aristotle.
DO NOW - Journal: DO NOW - Journal: What would you be willing to give up your live for, and why? Try to include the word “value” in your answer. ( Value.
Objective: SWBAT recognize the impact of the Greek philosophers on world history. Set Sail: What are the Iliad and the Odyssey about?
Critical Thinking – a way of thinking — about any subject, content, or problem — in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully.
Socratic Method and Reasoning
Think about the meaning of the following quotes and write them on a sheet of paper.
Famous Greek Philosophers
THE TEACHER AND HIS TEACHINGS SOCRATES. THE DIALECTIC Socrates argued that one of the chief reasons many people cannot think clearly is that they do not.
Jacob Jaroszewski & Josh Biggs. Time Period & Location Socrates was born in 469 BC and died in 399 BC. Socrates lived his 70 year of life in Athens Greece.
By: Plato. What are your observations? What can you infer based off of your observations? What do you predict “The Apology” will be about?
Socrates ( B.C.) left no literary legacy of his own was a soldier during the Peloponnesian War involved in the politics of Athens after the War.
Honors World Studies Mrs. Steinke.  Socrates  Initially people thought Socrates was a sophist, but in fact he was their bitterest opponent.
Aristotelian Logic.
Plato. The Apology of Socrates
Today’s Vocab Parthenon- Built during the Peloponnesian War to honor the Goddess Athena. Socratic Method- Theory of Socrates that involved constantly asking.
Classical Greek Art Ancient Greece.
PHIL 2123 The History of Christianity and Western Thought
THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure
Socrates (470 – 399 BC).
-Philosophers: “ Lovers of Wisdom”
Do Now: What is Philosophy?
Introduction to Ethics
The study of life, knowledge, problems, reality, & reason
The study of life, knowledge, problems, reality, & reason
Introduction to Ethics
Instructor: Alexander Stoytchev
Greece Society and Culture
Socrates (470 – 399 BC).
Presentation transcript:

추론(논리)집합 추론이란 무엇인가 ? 어째서 어떤 추론은 여러분이 수긍할수 있고 다른 것은 궤변이라고 생각되는가 ? 기준은 무엇인가 ? 철학자, 논리학자, 수학자, 과학자, 경제 학자, 사회학자, 인문학자, 문학가의 논 리는 다 각각 다른가 ? 정치가, 위정자, 선 동가의 논리는 무엇인가 ?

소크라테스, 플라톤 추론은 자신이 무엇을 정의하고 어떻게 사용했는지 모르면서 때로는 진행하고 있다. 이러한 점을 어떻게 모든사람이 수긍할수 있는 방법으로 바꾸는가 ? 이러한 점에서 현대나 고대 그리스나 어떠한 차이가 있는가 ? 또는 발전이 있었는가 ? 다음은 소크라테스의 방법을 소개한다.

Ironic Modesty Explaining his mission as a philosopher, Socrates reports an oracular message telling him that "No one is wiser than you." (Apology 21a) He then proceeds through a series of ironic descriptions of his efforts to disprove the oracle by conversing with notable Athenians who must surely be wiser. In each case, however, Socrates concludes that he has a kind of wisdom that each of them lacks: namely, an open awareness of his own ignorance.Apology 21aironic

Questioning Habit: The goal of Socratic interrogation, then, is to help individuals to achieve genuine self-knowledge, even if it often turns out to be negative in character. As his cross-examination of Meletus shows, Socrates means to turn the methods of the Sophists inside-out, using logical nit-picking to expose (rather than to create) illusions about reality. If the method rarely succeeds with interlocutors, it can nevertheless be effectively internalized as a dialectical mode of reasoning in an effort to understand everything.dialectical

Devotion to Truth: Even after he has been convicted by the jury, Socrates declines to abandon his pursuit of the truth in all matters. Refusing to accept exile from Athens or a commitment to silence as his penalty, he maintains that public discussion of the great issues of life and virtue is a necessary part of any valuable human life. "The unexamined life is not worth living." (Apology 38a) Socrates would rather die than give up philosophy, and the jury seems happy to grant him that wish.truthApology 38a

Dispassionate Reason: Even when the jury has sentenced him to death, Socrates calmly delivers his final public words, a speculation about what the future holds. Disclaiming any certainty about the fate of a human being after death, he nevertheless expresses a continued confidence in the power of reason, which he has exhibited (while the jury has not). Who really wins will remain unclear.

아리스토텔레스의 3 단 논법 syllogism SaP: All S is P, SeP: No S is P, SiP: Some S is P, SoP: Some S is not P MaP, SaM -> SaP (I) aaa, eae, aii, eio (II) eae, aee, eio, aoo (III) aai, iai, aii, eao, oao, eio (IV) aai, aee, iai, eao, eio 더줄이면 (I) aaa, eae, aii, eio (II) aoo, (III) aai, eao, oao (e, i 는 주어 술어 바꾸 어도 됨)

Venn diagram S M P

George Boole ( ) 사고의 법칙 불 대수 x + y = y+x, xy=yx (x+y)+z = x+(y+z), x(yz) = (xy)z, x(y+z) = xy + xz, x+0= x, 1x = x, 2x = x+x = x, xx= x 0 은 공집합 1 은 전체집합을 말한다. x 에 속하지 않는 집합 1-x

불대수의 활용 SaP: s(1-p)=0, SeP: sp=0, SiP: sp  0, SoP: s(1-p)  0 아리스토텔레스의 오류 aai, eao(2000 년 간발견안됨 ) MaP, MaS -> SiP ( 책101) MeP, MaS -> SoP: mp=0, m(1-s)=0, s(1-p)  0

명제논리학 (propositional logic) 기호 p, q, , ∧, ∨, ∼를 이용한다. p ∧ q=q ∧ p, p ∨ q=q ∨ p, p ∧ (q ∧ r)=(p ∧ q) ∧ r, p ∨ (q ∨ r)=(p ∨ q) ∨ r, p ∧ (q ∨ r)=(p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r), p ∨ (q ∧ r)=(p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r), p ∧ T=p, p ∧ F=F, p ∨ T=T, p ∨ F=p, ~(p ∧ q)= (~p) ∨ (~q), ~(p ∨ q)=(~p) ∧ (~q), ~~p=p, p  q= (~p) ∨ q

진리표

술어논리학 (predicate logic) ∀, ∃사용 ∀ x, x 는 사람이다 -> x 는 잠잔다. ∃ x, x 는 사람이다 ∧ ~(x 는 잠잔다 ). 법칙 ~( ∀ x: P(x)) = ∃ x: ~P(x) 모든사람이 자는것은 아니다 = 잠을 자 자않는 사람이 존재한다.

정수의 공리화 (Peano Axioms) 1. Zero is a number. 2. If a is a number, the successor of a is a number. 3. zero is not the successor of a number.zero 4. Two numbers of which the successors are equal are themselves equal. 5. (induction axiom.) If a set S of numbers contains zero and also the successor of every number in S, then every number is in S.induction axiomzero

토의 소크라테스의 방법은 아직도 유효하다. 그이유는 무엇일까 ?