Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 1 History of Peace Movements Peace movements in Europe started in 1981 and re-emerged in 1991and with the Ex-Yugoslavia conflict. Movements sought institutional alliances and extra institutional coalitions. Events differently affected institutionalized and non- institutionalized branches of the movement. The two sectors varied in different countries.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 2 POS and Demobilization Gorbachev began new trend in The consequences were immediate: diminished threat kept support high but low activism. This helped institutionalized sectors of peace movements.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 3 Ideology Roots of mobilization: Perception of global danger Vacuum for left movements cultural roots Moral utopianism Reaction to social control Antimodernism (anti-tech small world) Anti-Americanism and Europeanism

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 4 Italy and the Peace Movement Considering 10 years of Italian Peace Movement history it is possible to distinguish four periods as marking different phases in the institutionalization of left-libertarian social movements. In this context it is necessary to categorize Organizational Behavior, Action Repertoires, and Ideologies.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 5 Organizations Over the 4 periods the movement has become more organised and institutionalised. Institutionalization can be very productive in terms of movement objectives. In Italy institutions such as the Pci and the church have contributed to laws favorable to arms sales and production objection, peace education, draft objection, municipal initiatives, etc.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 6 Two Sectors The boundaries between institutionalized and non-institutionalized sectors are flexible and reversible, that institutionalization occurs mainly through differential attrition and not organizational transformation The nature of the receiving institution shapes the process of institutionalization

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 7 Action Forms Over time "action forms" adopted by the Italian peace movement changed. To explain innovation, one can point to mimetic behaviour between different organizations (movements, churches and state) and to public discourse and institutional decision making. Repertoires are also related to the identity and ideology implications of adopting different action forms.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 8 Action Forms and Time Some action forms change meaning over time. With the anti-cruise movement a new repertoire of theatrical forms was adopted; It included peace dances, human chains, shake-ins, die-ins. Over time, it became institutionalized.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 9 Diversity, Collaboration and Competition in the Peace Movement Non-InstitutionalizedInstitutionalized Cruise MovementCatholic Movement (Catholicism) Persian-Gulf movementPeace Association (Left)

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 10 Institutionalization and OB Institutionalization happens primarily by attrition The Weber-Michaels model predicted steady organizational transformation. However if we look at what happened in the Italian movement we see that the institutionalized and non- institutionalized sectors react differently after deployment only institutional activist included peace action in a broader activist context

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 11 Institutionalization and Psychological Processes With defeat, psychological processes alienate non institutional militants. The disappearance of the sense of immediate danger, which was understandable to everybody and had sustained the anti-missiles movement, engendered a motivation crisis. This fact led to a selection in the movement. People with a history of political involvement remained; Conversely many unaffiliated people left.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 12 Goals’ Definition and Re-definition The lack of a unified goal caused a fragmentation of initiatives. This fragmentation further reduced media coverage and international solidarity, increasing the specialized character that pacifism was acquiring. Without a clear goal those that remained interested in peace and did not belong to a multi-purpose organization, did so out of a strong sense of ethical commitment.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 13 De-mobilization and Competition As peace lost centrality and other issues surfaced on the social movement scene, such as ecologist concerns, peace became one among many other issues for busy institutional activists (but no longer an issue about which it was easy to mobilize simple militants), while it was downplayed by non institutional ones. Thus peace was more likely to be pursued in the context of a multi-purpose organization, such as a party or a catholic association.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 14 Polarization Institutionalization brought polarization of the movement: a large component of institutional activists and a small group of devoted pacifists. Institutions can survive after the decline of mobilization because they have resources, sustainers have commitment.

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 15 Institutionalization and the Weber-Michels Hypothesis Why is the Michels model wrong? Organizations don't change easily – There are blocks to changes in taken-for- granted procedures Activists' identities[peace groups who refused to bureaucratize] Leaders' stake [nonviolent leader refused to join larger organization Established division of labor in organizational field} [attempts to bureaucratize the peace committees failed]

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 16 Dynamics of Institutional Selection Surviving institutions orient the process of institutionalization: A) the institutional areas that have an interest in the movement determines the characteristic of the surviving movement B) the moral or instrumental character of the institution C) the amount of institutional ambiguity which may be intentionally used, or be the result of internal dynamics

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 17 Institutions and Resources Within institutions the flow of resources is oriented by: The amount of freedom an institution grants to its functionaries, and their loyalty The importance of the issue at stake to the institution Whether action takes place within or without institutional boundaries and whether support is embarrassing Traditional procedures. How involvement is risky. How institution control the definition of the situation

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 18 Action Forms Why innovation? There is a RM/NSM controversy on whether innovation is identity or strategy driven. It can be answered by observing who innovates Innovation takes place for identity reasons To be congruent with other institutional repertoires To respond to the changing strategies of authorities

Carlo Ruzza - Università di Trento 19 Changes in Action Forms Considering variations of repertoires effectiveness and meaning, when do they change? Tilly provided an answer. He notes that innovation is rare, and points to: 1 the standards of right and justice prevailing in the population 2 the daily routines of the population 3 the population internal organization 4 its accumulated experience with prior collective action 5 the patterns of repression in the world of the population