REVOLUTIONARY OUTBREAKS 1848

Pre-1848

Deliberations in Vienna-1815

Congress of Vienna Decisions Principle of LegitimacyPrinciple of Legitimacy –reconstructed the Old Order Principle of InterventionPrinciple of Intervention –keep the monarchs on the throne Concert of EuropeConcert of Europe –designed a Continental balance of power

Age of Metternich ConservatismConservatism –leadership style of European ministers –tradition as the basic source of human institutions –Metternich was the prototype –defense of the status quo EuropeanEuropean –not a citizen of a single country Liberals & NationalistsLiberals & Nationalists –the enemy to do battle against do not respect authority

Age of Metternich a/k/a Concert of Europe Balance of power meant an international equilibrium of political and military forcesBalance of power meant an international equilibrium of political and military forces –discourage aggression by any state or combination of states –discourage the domination of Europe by any single state ensure future peaceensure future peace

Congress of Vienna Decisions Agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interestsAgreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests Agreed to consider appropriate measures for the maintenance of peace in EuropeAgreed to consider appropriate measures for the maintenance of peace in Europe Holy Alliance (Austria, Prussia and Russia) created in September 1815 became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over EuropeHoly Alliance (Austria, Prussia and Russia) created in September 1815 became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe

1820 UPRISING and REVOLUTIONS ITALYSPAINGREECERussia

1830 REVOLUTIONS GreeceFranceNetherlands/BelgiumPolandItalyGermany

1848

INFLUENCES ROMANTICISMROMANTICISM NATIONALISMNATIONALISM LIBERALISMLIBERALISM –these are the three most serious of the revolutionary movements –as well as the new socioeconomic conditions

FRANCE Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe The ‘Bourgeoisie Monarch’ (r )

Results of 1830 THE JULY REVOLUTION-SUCCESSFULTHE JULY REVOLUTION-SUCCESSFUL Provisional government of moderate propertied liberalsProvisional government of moderate propertied liberals Louis-Philippe (r ) { cousin of Charles X } becomes the constitutional kingLouis-Philippe (r ) { cousin of Charles X } becomes the constitutional king New monarchy in placeNew monarchy in place Focus on the upper middle class {bourgeoisie}Focus on the upper middle class {bourgeoisie} Lower classes disappointedLower classes disappointed

Results of 1830 [ seems liberal ] Censorship abolishedCensorship abolished Catholicism is the religion of the majorityCatholicism is the religion of the majority King had to work with the Chamber of Deputies to make lawsKing had to work with the Chamber of Deputies to make laws

Consequences not so liberal Heredity Peerage abolished yet Landed wealthy major influence in governmentHeredity Peerage abolished yet Landed wealthy major influence in government Corruption—crown can be boughtCorruption—crown can be bought Lower classes ignored – conditions getting worseLower classes ignored – conditions getting worse Worker revolts put down by the French Army in 1831, 1832 and 1834Worker revolts put down by the French Army in 1831, 1832 and 1834

Another French Revolution Workers and students lead street riots in Paris on February 22-23, 1848 over not receiving the vote and the corruption of the King Louis Philippe abdicated on February 24 in favor of his grandson BUT the mob insisted on a provisional government Mob refuses to put Louis Philippe’s grandson on the throne Instead Mob orders the government to proclaim the SECOND FRENCH REPUBLIC

Revolution of 1848 Provisional government divided between two major groups the RIGHT – led by the poet, Lamartine; the Right favored a moderate republic although they did concede to the influence of the Socialists and agreed (if in control of the government) to establish national workshops so the they (the Right) would gain the support of the people and win the elections. The National Workshops would train people for jobs, distribute food and guarantee each man some source of income until he could find a job. the LEFT - led by the socialist, Louis Blanc, favored of a republic with broad economic and social changes; they wanted to establish NATIONAL WORKSHOPS (utopian social workshops operated and owned by the workers with the financial backing of the government)

Revolution of 1848 National elections in April, 1848 resulted in a National Assembly dominated by Lamartine’s group Worsening depression and rising unemployment Radical group invaded the National Assembly on May 15 in an attempt to set up a more socialist government - - not successful By the end of May the government could not continue to finance the workshops and dissolved them

Revolution of 1848 Workers took to the streets in the JUNE DAYS (June 23-26) - - true class warfare on a large scale with bloody street fighting (Les Miserable) Provisional government frightened - - gave dictatorial powers to the elderly GENERAL CAVAIGNAC to d put down the revolt National Assembly drafted a new constitution which called for a unicameral legislature Anyone serving in the National Assembly was automatically a legislator without having to stand for election for the Constitutional Assembly

1848 Results National elections for a president in December, 1848 Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, defeated General Cavaignac in a landslide victory December 20, 1848, Louis Napoleon was installed as the President of the Second French Republic

ITALY

Another Italian Revolution Revolt began when liberals in Sicily demanded a liberal constitution; successful Revolt spreads to other Italian states (Naples, Tuscany, Piedmont and the Papal States) which demanded and received liberal constitutions. the Papal StatesAustria is too busy with its own revolutions to notice Italian revolts so revolution spreads to the Papal States Revolution breaks out in Rome

Revolution of Pope Pius IX flees and the revolutionaries declared the ROMAN REPUBLIC in February, 1849 Two key figures: – –GUISEPPE MAZZINI, the “heart and soul of Italy” We have met – –and GUISEPPE GARIBALDI, the “sword of Italy” Member of the Young Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini ( ) Young Italy (founded 1831) Giuseppe Mazzini ( ) Young Italy (founded 1831)

Giuseppe Garibaldi ( ) Giuseppe Garibaldi ( ) Member of Young Italy ( ) Red Shirts (founded 1860)

Results Pope Pius IX ask for help from France (a good Catholic nation) Louis Napoleon sends French troops to restore the Pope - - extensive fighting between the Italians and the French Garibaldi performs brilliantly but outnumbered By August, 1849, Austrians have put down the revolt in Vienna Regain control of Italian peninsula

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

OOPS! TROUBLE AT HOMEOOPS! TROUBLE AT HOME HODGEPODGE of diverse nationalities, stirred by the spirit of nationalism - - experiences several revolts in its territories: – –Vienna – –Bohemia: revolt of the Czechs – –Hungary: revolt of the Magyars - - the most serious revolt

VIENNA March, 1848 News of French revolution inspired students and workers Demonstrations for more liberal government Fighting breaks out between revolutionaries and the government forces Metternich (yes, he’s still around!) flees in fear Emperor Ferdinand I agrees to a constitution Not liberal enough for the people Second wave of revolts occur Royal family flees Vienna -- May, 1848

VIENNA Hungarians revolt, march toward Vienna to join the rebels Austrian imperial forces remain loyal to crown Defeat both the Viennese and the Hungarian rebels Rebel leaders executed Army in control Ferdinand I forced to abdicate in December, 1848 in favor of his eighteen-year-old nephew, Francis Joseph, Full absolutism restored.

Bohemia: revolt of the Czechs Czechs force Vienna to grant them a constitutional assembly for the Kingdom of Bohemia Pan-Slav Congress (meeting in Prague) demanded equal rights for all people in the Austrian Empire Germans and Czechs get involved in a series of street brawls Germans feel threatened by the ethnic minorities Austrian army invades Prague and revolt crushed

HUNGARY: revolt of the Magyars Revolution led by LOUIS KOSSUTH, the “hero of Hungarian Nationalism Magyars (the name used to describe the Hungarians) demand autonomy (self-government) for Hungary Problem occurs when the Magyars claim lands which include other ethnic minorities (Croats, Serbs and Romanians) Magyars refuse to grant these ethnic minorities any liberties Germans feel threatened by the ethnic minorities Hungarians revolt, march toward Vienna to join the rebels

LOUIS KOSSUTH ( )

HUNGARY: revolt of the Magyars Rebels proclaim the HUNGARIAN REPUBLIC, April, 1849 Louis Kossuth is president Austrian troops (aided by 100,000 Russian troops provided by Tsar Nicholas I) invaded Hungary Revolution crushed most of the leaders executed --although Kossuth fled to Turkey

Results of the Austrian Revolutions Austrians use the divisions between the various ethnic groups to keep the revolutions from being successful Metternich in exile - - writing his memiors Franz Joseph becomes emperor and will rule until 1919 Absolutist rule is restored in Vienna Hungarians pledge to HATE RUSSIANS forever Only positive gain: emancipation of peasants from feudal burdens

GERMAN STATES

Congress of Vienna Decision Renamed the Napoleonic Confederation of the RhineRenamed the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine New Name—the German ConfederationNew Name—the German Confederation The number of German states would remain at 38The number of German states would remain at 38 This is the only decision of Napoleon that was retainedThis is the only decision of Napoleon that was retained

German States Inspired by the FrenchInspired by the French Demonstrations break out all across the provinces FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY ( ): an elected parliament which met to discuss unification of the German provinces—called a Special Meeting Frankfurt Assembly decided a strong leader was needed to serve the new united German states constitutional monarchyOffered the position of Emperor of a United Germany to King Frederick William IV of Prussia, as a constitutional monarchy

German States Frederick William believes in “divine right” Rudely refuses to serve as emperor - - this is an ELECTED assembly offering to make him emperor Frederick William compares this gross action as asking him to “pick up a crown from the gutter!” Has his own plans for unifying the German states - - (which probably would not include an elected middle- class assembly) Austria gets wind of Frederick William’s plans and mobilizes its forces

German States Prussia responds by mobilizing its forces Russia decides to back Austria (once again) and Prussia feels threatened Prussia and Austria meet in November, 1850 Austria forces Prussia to back down on any ideas of unification Meeting known as the “HUMILIZATION OF OLMUTZ.”

REVOLUTION RESULTS SUCCESSES FRANCE (again) FAILURES ITALIAN STATES (again) AUSTRIA GERMAN STATES