1 Heavy Quarks and Heavy Quarkonia as Tests of Thermalization Jamie Nagle University of Colorado at Boulder for the PHENIX Collaboration Quark-Gluon Plasma Thermalization Vienna Workshop August 10, 2005

2 OutlineOutline In the PHENIX White Paper (Nucl. Phys. A757, 2005 I&II) we reported the following. At RHIC we have created bulk matter at energy densities well above that predicted by Lattice QCD for the transition to a Quark Gluon Plasma. We also conclude that the energy is dominantly equilibrated at very early times (< 2 fm/c), which is when the energy density is highest. We want to push these conclusions further utilizing new data presented at the Quark Matter Conference on heavy quark dynamics and heavy quarkonia suppression.

3 Charm Thermalization Batsouli et al., PLB557,26(2003) At Quark Matter 2002, we suggested that our PHENIX non- photonic electron data may be consistent with charm thermalization and hydrodynamic flow. Many dismissed this hypothesis, and yet now this is the commonly held belief in the field and supported by new experimental data. The large mass of the charm quark means that only very strong interactions can bring it into equilibrium.

4 Detailed Theory In a calculation by Teaney and Moore (hep-ph/ ), they calculate the expected elliptic flow (v2) and transverse momentum modifications for different charm quark diffusion coefficients. The two effects go hand in hand.

5 Heavy Quarkonia Lattice QCD results show that the confining potential between heavy quarks is screened at high temperature. This screening should suppress bound states such as J/ . However, recent lattice results indicate that the J/  spectral functions only show modest modification near the critical temperature, and thus may not be suppressed until higher T. r  V(r)/  Lattice QCD calculation

6 PHENIX Experiment Designed to measure electrons, muons, photons and hadrons. Key Parameters: Electrons: < y < Radiation Length < 0.4% PID with RICH/EMC Muons: 1.2 < |y| < 2.2 Very high data and trigger bandwidth

7 Earlier PHENIX Charm Results S.S. Adler, et al., PRL Binary scaling of total open charm yield S.S. Adler, et al., nucl-ex/ accepted in PRC PHENIX Theory: Greco, Ko, Rapp: PLB 595 (2004) 202 First observation of charm flow

8 New Electron Results S/B > 1 for p T > 1 GeV/c Run04: X=0.4% Run02: X=1.3% Signal/Background We use two different methods to determine the non-photonic electron contribution (cocktail subtraction and converter method)

9 Non-Photonic Electron Spectra Proton-Proton BaselineGold-Gold Suppression

10 Suppression of High p T Charm

11 Theory Comparison (3) q_hat = 14 GeV 2 /fm (2) q_hat = 4 GeV 2 /fm (1) q_hat = 0 GeV 2 /fm (4) dN g / dy = 1000 Theory curves (1-3) from N. Armesto, et al., hep-ph/ (4) from M. Djordjevic, M. Gyulassy, S.Wicks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94,

12 Beauty Limits Suppression Factor? M. Djordjevic et al., nucl-th/

13 Now Armesto et al. also include beauty and can find consistent results with R AA = 0.4 Not All Theorists Agree

14 Not All Experiments Agree Either R AA agrees, but the proton-proton references are different by ~ 50% Also, can the theory resolve an R AA suppression value of 0.2? Is the parton density then too high?

15 Upsilon Result Measurements on beauty will help significantly.

16 Non-Photonic Electron Flow PHENIX Preliminary

17 ComparisonComparison Not shown were "30-40%" systematic errors.

18 Kinematics Reminder  between D and electron pT electron between 0.25 GeV, 1.25 GeV, 2.25 GeV Using FOCUS experiment simulation of decays. Example D v2 and resulting electron v2... Similar calculation for B v2 reveals electron v2 is always zero up to higher pT.

19 Theory Comparison Theory curves from: Greco, Ko, Rapp: Phys. Lett. B595 (2004) 202

20 "Direct Comparison is Certainly Misguided..." PHENIX Preliminary PHENIX Data Results Speak for Themselves

21 Heavy Quarkonia Note that most theories so far treat the topics of heavy quarks and heavy quarkonia quite separately, but they are intimately related.

22 Many Effects Need Accounting before Pre-resonance absorption Quarkonium state in bath of hadrons/partons

23 shadowing anti-shadowing Nuclear PDF Modifications

24 PHENIX Deuteron-Gold Data

25 J / PSI PRODUCTION IN AU+AU COLLISIONS AT RHIC AND THE NUCLEAR ABSORPTION. By A.K. Chaudhuri (Calcutta, VECC),. Jul pp. e-Print Archive: nucl-th/ A.K. ChaudhuriCalcutta, VECC BASELINE COLD MATTER EFFECTS ON J/PSI PRODUCTION IN AA COLLISIONS. By R. Vogt (LBL, Berkeley & UC, Davis),. LBNL-58155, Jul pp. e-Print Archive: nucl-th/ R. VogtLBL, BerkeleyUC, Davis CHARM COALESCENCE AT RHIC. By A.P. Kostyuk, M.I. Gorenstein (Frankfurt U. & BITP, Kiev), Horst Stoecker, W. Greiner (Frankfurt U.),. May pp. Published in Phys.Rev.C68:041902,2003 e-Print Archive: hep-ph/ A.P. KostyukM.I. GorensteinFrankfurt U.BITP, KievHorst StoeckerW. GreinerFrankfurt U. CHARMONIUM CHEMISTRY IN A+A COLLISIONS AT RELATIVISTIC ENERGIES. By E.L. Bratkovskaya (Frankfurt U.), A.P. Kostyuk (Frankfurt U. & BITP, Kiev), W. Cassing (Giessen U.), Horst Stoecker (Frankfurt U.),. Feb pp. Published in Phys.Rev.C69:054903,2004 e-Print Archive: nucl-th/ E.L. BratkovskayaFrankfurt U.A.P. KostyukFrankfurt U.BITP, KievW. CassingGiessen U.Horst StoeckerFrankfurt U. MEDIUM MODIFICATIONS OF CHARM AND CHARMONIUM IN HIGH-ENERGY HEAVY ION COLLISIONS. By L. Grandchamp (LBL, Berkeley), R. Rapp (Texas A-M), G.E. Brown (SUNY, Stony Brook),. Mar pp. Talk given at 17th International Conference on Ultra Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2004), Oakland, California, Jan Published in J.Phys.G30:S1355-S1358,2004 e-Print Archive: hep-ph/ L. GrandchampLBL, BerkeleyR. RappTexas A-MG.E. BrownSUNY, Stony Brook IN MEDIUM EFFECTS ON CHARMONIUM PRODUCTION IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS. By Loic Grandchamp (SUNY, Stony Brook & Lyon, IPN), Ralf Rapp (Nordita), Gerald E. Brown (SUNY, Stony Brook),. Jun pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett.92:212301,2004 e-Print Archive: hep-ph/ Loic GrandchampSUNY, Stony BrookLyon, IPNRalf RappNorditaGerald E. BrownSUNY, Stony Brook J/PSI TRANSPORT IN QGP AND P(T) DISTRIBUTION AT SPS AND RHIC. By Xiang-lei Zhu, Peng-fei Zhuang (Tsinghua U., Beijing), Nu Xu (LBL, Berkeley),. Nov pp. Published in Phys.Lett.B607: ,2005 e-Print Archive: nucl-th/ Xiang-lei ZhuPeng-fei ZhuangTsinghua U., BeijingNu XuLBL, Berkeley ULTRARELATIVISTIC NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS AND THE QUARK GLUON PLASMA. By A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger (Darmstadt, GSI),. Feb pp. Lectures given at 8th Hispalensis International Summer School on Exotic Nuclear Physics, Seville, Spain, 9-21 Jun e-Print Archive: hep-ph/ A. AndronicP. Braun-MunzingerDarmstadt, GSI MOMENTUM SPECTRA OF CHARMONIUM PRODUCED IN A QUARK-GLUON PLASMA. By R.L. Thews (Arizona U.), M.L. Mangano (CERN),. CERN-PH-TH , May pp. e-Print Archive: nucl-th/ R.L. ThewsArizona U.M.L. ManganoCERN PREDICTIONS FOR J / PSI SUPPRESSION BY PARTON PERCOLATION. By S. Digal, S. Fortunato (Bielefeld U.), H. Satz (CFIF, Lisbon),. BI-TP , Oct pp. Published in Eur.Phys.J.C32: ,2004 e-Print Archive: hep-ph/ S. DigalS. FortunatoBielefeld U.H. SatzCFIF, Lisbon THE ONSET OF DECONFINEMENT IN NUCLEAR COLLISIONS. By H. Satz (Bielefeld U.),. May pp. Plenary talk given at 14th International Conference on Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (QM 99), Torino, Italy, May Published in Nucl.Phys.A661: ,1999 e-Print Archive: hep-ph/ H. SatzBielefeld U. What do the Theorists Have to Say?

26 Finally, What Does the Data Say! Normal Nuclear Absorption Expectation Sigma(j-N) = 3.0 +/- 1.5 mb AuAu (red band) CuCu (blue band)

27 Normal Nuclear + Shadowing Forward rapidity

28 Looks Like CERN Suppression?

29 NA50 Conclusions “A clear onset of the anomaly is observed. It excludes models based on hadronic scenarios since only smooth behavior with monotonic derivatives can be inferred from such calculations” Phys. Lett. B 450, 456 (1999). Model assuming: charm production scales as DY color octet c-c is absorbed by nucleons with a  = 6.2 mb no absorption with comovers 

30 Monotonic Derivatives

31 Too Much Suppression in Theory!

32 Astonishing Observation! Many indications of enormous density of medium, and yet quarkonia states survive? Lattice expected?

33 RegenerationRegeneration

34 Needed Input of Total Charm Input from both STAR and PHENIX is needed.

35 Transverse Momentum We fit the p t spectrum using to extract Cu+Cu (|y|  [1.2,2.2]) Au+Au (|y|  [1.2,2.2])

36 Hydrodynamic?Hydrodynamic? Calculation is a parameter free hydrodynamic flow result using parameters from nucl-th/ Arbitrary normalization. PHENIX Preliminary Gold-Gold Central 0-20% J/  for |y|<0.35

37 Balancing Effects

38 Rapidity Dependence

39 Common Feature: Rapidity Narrowing See talk by Thews

40 More in the Future... Copper-Copper 200 GeV J/  |y| = Reduce systematic errors and finalize CuCu and AuAu data. Improved statistics for baseline Run-5 Proton-Proton and future p-A or d-A Working on J/  v 2, but statistically very challenging with Run-4 and Run-5 data sets. If only chi-c suppression at SPS, then RHIC Cu-Cu should show immediate and 40% suppression relative to normal nuclear?

41SummarySummary A wealth of new PHENIX data on heavy quarks and heavy quarkonia. We will work hard to push these results to submitted publications. Charm is a very optimal probe of thermalization and properties of the medium, but the price for this may well be the loss of a probe via quarkonia for deconfinement.

42 Backup Slides

43 Participant Scaling?

44 Charm Quarks and Thermalization.... Salgado - charm energy loss including mass effects and gluon effects

45

46 Magdalena - charm and beauty energy loss and mass effects

47 Molnar

48

49 More Regeneration

50 Uncovering Nature’s Secrets is Not Easy Collect the Data! Over 500 people, over 10 countries Tons of steel, specialized detectors Thousands of custom electronic chips and boards Transmitting over 5 Gigabytes of data per second