Mitochondria and Respiration A.General features of mitochondria B.Experimental systems C.Glucose oxidation & substrate level phosphorylation D.The respiratory electron transport chain E.Oxidative phosphorylation

A. General Features 1.Origins: the endosymbiotic hypothesis 2.Structure –Outer membrane –Intermembrane space –Inner membrane –Matrix 3.Posttranslational import of mitochondrial proteins from the cytoplasm 4.Mitochondrial replication

B.Experimental Systems 1.Mitochondrial preparations –Whole cells/tissue slices –Intact mitochondria –Submitochondrial particles –Reconstituted protein systems 2.Methods to measure respiratory activity –Oxygen uptake (oximetry) –Difference spectroscopy –Dye reduction –ATP production

B.Experimental Systems 3.Methods to track electron movements –Use of different electron donors and inhibitors –Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy –Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

C.Glucose Oxidation & Substrate- Level Phosphorylation 1.Review of basic terms –Oxidation and Reduction –Redox Cofactors –ATP 2.Glycolysis 3.Acetyl CoA formation and the TCA cycle

D.The Respiratory Electron Transport Chain 1.Overview 2.Types of electron carriers in the chain –Flavoproteins –Cytochromes –Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) –Iron-sulfur proteins 3.The respiratory electron chain pathway

E.Oxidative phosphorylation 1.Mitchell’s chemiosmotic model for ATP formation 2.The structure of ATP synthase 3.Conformational changes and the rotational catalysis of ATP formation 4.Other roles of the proton gradient