IMUNOGLOBULINELE Structură şi funcţie

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Presentation transcript:

IMUNOGLOBULINELE Structură şi funcţie

IMUNOGLOBULINELE = Molecule glicoproteice produse de plasmocite (limfocite B activate) ca răspuns la un imunogen = ANTICORPI Immune serum Ag adsorbed serum a1 a2 b g + - albumin globulins Mobility Amount of protein

Funcţii generale Legare Ag Funcţii efectoare Fixare complement Legare de celule

STRUCTURA 2 lanţuri grele (Heavy) 2 lanţuri uşoare (Light) Punţi disulfidice Între lanţuri În cadrul lanţului

REGIUNILE IMUNOGLOBULINELOR Regiune Variabilă VL & VH Regiune Constantă CH & CL Regiune balama CH1 VL CL VH CH2 CH3 Hinge Region Carbohydrate Disulfide bond

PROTEOLIZA IMUNOGLOBULINELOR

Fragmentele Ig: relaţii structură/funcţie Fab Legare Ag Valenţa = 1 Specificitate determintă de VH şi VL Papain Fc Fab Fc Funcţii efectoare

Fragmentele Ig: relaţii structură/funcţie Legare Ag Legare complement Transfer placentar Legare receptori Fc

Organizarea conformaţională a moleculelor Ig

IZOTIPURILE IMUNOGLOBULINELOR = Determinanţi antigenici ce caracterizează clasele şi subclasele de lanţuri grele şi tipurile şi subtipurile de lanţuri uşoare

CLASELE DE IMUNOGLOBULINE DUPĂ TIPUL LANŢURILOR GRELE: IgG - g IgM - m IgA - a IgD - d IgE - e

Subclase imunoglobuline Subclase IgG IgG1 - g1 IgG2 - g2 IgG3 - g3 IgG4 - g4 Subclase IgA IgA1 - a1 IgA2 - a2

Tipuri lanţuri uşoare Kappa (k) Lambda (l)

Subtipuri lanţuri uşoare Lanţurile lambda Lambda 1 (l1) Lambda 2 (l2) Lambda 3 (l3) Lambda 4 (l4)

IgG Structură Monomer IgG1, IgG2 şi IgG4 IgG3

IgG Structură Proprietăţi Concentraţie plasmatică: cea mai mare Principala Ig în spaţiul extravascular Transfer placentar – nu necesită legare Ag (IgG2) Fixează complement (IgG4) Se leagă de receptori Fc ai celulelor imune (IgG2, IgG4)

IgM CH4 Lanţ J Structură Pentamer Extra domeniu (CH4) Lanţ J

IgM Structură Proprietăţi Concentraţie plasmatică: imediat după IgG Prima Ig produsă de fetus şi de către celulele B Fixează complement

Fixarea C1 de către IgG şi IgM C1r C1s C1q

IgA Structură În plasmă - monomer În secreţii (sIgA) Dimer Lanţ J Componentă secretorie Lanţ J Componentă secretorie

IgA Structură Proprietăţi Concentraţie plasmatică: după IgG Principala Ig în secreţii (imunitatea mucoaselor) lacrimi, saliva, suc gastric, surfactant pulmonar Nu fixează complement Se leagă de receptorul Fc al unor celule imune

IgD Structură Monomer Piesă “coadă” (tail piece) Tail Piece

IgD Structură Proprietăţi Concentraţie plasmatică: pe locul trei Ig prezentă pe suprafaţa celulelor B Nu fixează complement

IgE Structură Monomer Extra domeniu (CH4) CH4

IgE Structură Proprietăţi Concentraţie plasmatică: cea mai redusă Se leagă de bazofile şi mastocite (nu necesită legare Ag) Reacţii alergice Parazitoze (Helminţi) Se leagă de receptorul Fc al eozinofilelor Nu fixează complementul

genetică, diversitatea Ig IMUNOGLOBULINELE genetică, diversitatea Ig

Genele imunoglobulinelor Localizarea cromozomială a genelor pentru imunoglobuline: lanţuri grele: cromozom 14q32 lanţ uşor k: cromozom 2p11-12 lanţ uşor λ: cromozom 22q11-12

Genele imunoglobulinelor Fiecare limfocit exprimă pe suprafaţă un receptor de Ag specific. Genele sun rearanjate din repertoriul de segmente genice:

Segmente genice Regiunile variabile ale lanţurilor grele şi uşoare au trei regiuni hipervariabile fiecare (complementarity-determining regions, CDRs) Regiunea variabilă a lanţului greu este codificată de către trei segmente genice: V (“variabil”): codifică reg variabila a lant greu D (“diversitate”): segment de diversitate. J (“joining”): segment de legătura al lantului greu

Mecanism de rearanjare Rearanjarea = un segm de gena dintr-o regiune se disloca → in alta regiune un nr de secvente se pierd intr-o regiune dar se reutilizeara in alta → structura unei noi gene functionale → lant nou ARN → o noua Ig

Rearanjamentul genelor Ig: (în timpul dezvoltării limfocitelor B)