Section 4.1: Chemical Energy and ATP Biology

Energy  All organisms require energy for their function

Energy  All organisms require energy for their function  Energy does not actually come from food

Energy  All organisms require energy for their function  Energy does not actually come from food  It comes from the release of energy from the breaking of chemical bonds

ATP: Adenosine-Triphosphate  Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes

ATP: Adenosine-Triphosphate  Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes  Cells use ATP to build molecules and to move materials by active transport

ATP

ATP  ADP  Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from ATP

ATP  ADP  Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from ATP  ATP then becomes ADP (adenosine di- phosphate)

ADP  ATP  Adding a phosphate group to ADP will turn ADP into ATP

ADP  ATP  Adding a phosphate group to ADP will turn ADP into ATP  ATP is a renewable resource

ADP  ATP  Adding a phosphate group to ADP will turn ADP into ATP  ATP is a renewable resource  Making ATP is a complex process that involves many proteins

Carbon Molecules Into ATP  The food you eat does not contain ATP

Carbon Molecules Into ATP  The food you eat does not contain ATP  Food must be digested so that it can be broken down

Carbon Molecules Into ATP  The food you eat does not contain ATP  Food must be digested so that it can be broken down  The amount of ATP is related to the number of calories in food, but not directly

Carbon Molecules Into ATP  The food you eat does not contain ATP  Food must be digested so that it can be broken down  The amount of ATP is related to the number of calories in food, but not directly  The amount of ATP is dependent upon the molecules being broken down

Carbon Molecules Into ATP  The food you eat does not contain ATP  Food must be digested so that it can be broken down  The amount of ATP is related to the number of calories in food, but not directly  The amount of ATP is dependent upon the molecules being broken down  Carbohydrate, lipid, protein

Carbon Molecules Into ATP  The food you eat does not contain ATP  Food must be digested so that it can be broken down  The amount of ATP is related to the number of calories in food, but not directly  The amount of ATP is dependent upon the molecules being broken down  Carbohydrate, lipid, protein  Carbohydrate is most common

Different Foods Different #s  Carbohydrates are most likely to be broken down for ATP

Different Foods Different #s  Carbohydrates are most likely to be broken down for ATP  ~ 36 ATP per glucose molecule

Different Foods Different #s  Carbohydrates are most likely to be broken down for ATP  ~ 36 ATP per glucose molecule  Lipids/Triglycerides

Different Foods Different #s  Carbohydrates are most likely to be broken down for ATP  ~ 36 ATP per glucose molecule  Lipids/Triglycerides  ~146 ATP per triglyceride

Different Foods Different #s  Carbohydrates are most likely to be broken down for ATP  ~ 36 ATP per glucose molecule  Lipids/Triglycerides  ~146 ATP per triglyceride  Protein is generally not used to make ATP

Different Foods Different #s  Carbohydrates are most likely to be broken down for ATP  ~ 36 ATP per glucose molecule  Lipids/Triglycerides  ~146 ATP per triglyceride  Protein is generally not used to make ATP  Amino acids are used to make proteins

Plants And ATP  Plants use photosynthesis to produce sugars that are then broken down into ATP

No Light? No Problem…  Not all organisms can use light to make ATP

No Light? No Problem…  Not all organisms can use light to make ATP  For example: bacteria that live at the bottom of the ocean

No Light? No Problem…  Not all organisms can use light to make ATP  For example: bacteria that live at the bottom of the ocean  Chemosynthesis: process by which some organisms use chemical energy to make energy storing molecules

No Light? No Problem…  Not all organisms can use light to make ATP  For example: bacteria that live at the bottom of the ocean  Chemosynthesis: process by which some organisms use chemical energy to make energy storing molecules  Raw materials differ, but the process is similar