Earth Science Review

1. Draw and label the 4 major layers of the Earth. Which layer is the densest layer? inner core Least dense? crust

2. What are four pieces of evidence that support the Plate Tectonic theory? 1.The continents look like they “fit” together like puzzle pieces. 2.Similar fossils of plants and animals have been found on continents that are oceans apart. 3.The same types of rocks and minerals have been found on continents that are oceans apart. 4. Magnetic orientation of rocks on the ocean floor. 5.Matching coal deposits found on continents that are oceans apart. 6.Matching mountain ranges found on continents that are oceans apart. 7. Similar Glacier deposits on different continents that are oceans apart.

3. Why is the oceanic crust more dense, yet thinner than the continental crust? Oceanic crust is more dense due to the amount of water pushing down on it from above. Almost all of the oxygen is squeezed out of it so it is more dense. Remember…the Earth’s crust is mostly made up of 46% Oxygen!

4. Describe the difference between the outer and inner core of the Earth. Outer core is liquid metal(magma is found here). It is less dense than the core and only 11,000 o F. It is only 1,400 miles thick Inner core is 800 miles thick Hottest layer (about 13,000 o F ) made of solid metal (iron and nickel) Lots of pressure and radiation here!

5. Laurasia, Gondwanaland and Pangaea were all examples of that existed millions of years ago. 6. Why is the center of the Earth so hot? Radioactive isotopes are breaking down and decaying, which give off a tremendous amount of energy in the form of heat! super continents

7. Explain what the difference is between the Solar Nebula Theory and the Big Bang Theory. The Solar Nebula Theory explains how our solar system was formed from gas and dust particles in large nebulas. The Big Bang Theory explains how the whole universe was formed from a single massive explosion that continues to makes the universe expand today.

8. Label the picture according to the correct plate boundary. A. B. A. Transform fault B. Divergent 9a.Which geological formation(s) form at examples A,B? A. Small earthquakes, tremors, and fault lines form B. Sea floor spreading, Mid-oceanic ridges, Islands and Volcanoes form

9a. Which geological formation(s) form at examples C and D? C. D. C. Convergent D. Convergent with subduction C. large mountains D. Volcanoes, Small Mountains, and Deep Oceanic Trenches

10. Which type of plate boundary has the most violent volcanoes? Convergent boundaries with subduction zones. 11. This area encircles the entire Pacific Plate. The largest earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunami’s occur here. Pacific Ring of Fire 12. What are the most abundant elements in our crust? Oxygen 46.1 % Silicon 28.2 % Aluminum 8.23 % Iron 5.63 % Calcium 4.15 %

13. Mauna Loa is an example of a volcano because of its quiet eruptions and gentle slopes. 14. What are three reasons why humans would never be able to reach the center of the Earth? Too much heat! Too much pressure! Too much radiation! Shield

15. What makes magma viscous? Lava is about 50% Silicon and Silicon is what makes lava thick and have a high viscosity. So the more silicon you have in lava the more explosive the eruptions will be in a volcano.

16. What is a lahar, and why are they so dangerous? Lahars are mudflows formed by the mixing of volcanic particles and water. Carry large boulders and logs down the side of a volcanoes. Can easily crush or shear off anything in its path!

17. What is happening to the size of the Atlantic Ocean and what is causing this to happen? The Atlantic Ocean is getting larger due to the sea floor spreading at the Mid- Atlantic Ridge, which is a Divergent boundary.

18. What are some gases that are released from volcanoes? Circle which gas is released the most! Water Vapor, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S).

19. What are the most common elements found in the Earth’s Atmosphere? Nitrogen 78.1 % Oxygen 20.9 % Argon 0.96 %

20. Which volcanic danger causes the most casualties and destruction in third world cities and why is it so dangerous? Volcanic Ash Can cause houses and buildings to collapse. People and animals may die from lack of oxygen.

21. What are two types of lava and what’s the difference between the two? Pahoehoe lava is runny and fast moving (up to 50 km/h). Has high iron content. Aa flows are chunky and slow moving lava flows Has a high silica content These types of lava are examples of… Igneous rock.

22. What are the most common elements found in the Earth’s oceans? Oxygen % Hydrogen % Chlorine 1.94 % Sodium 1.08 % Magnesium %

23. A marble counter top was form under a tremendous amount of heat and pressure as it changed, so it must be a… 24. Alternating layers of cinders, lava and ash make up the composition of… metamorphic rock. composite volcanoes.

Trans form fault Rockies Appalachian Himalayan Mts. Andes Mts. Convergent w/ Sub Alps Convergent w/o Sub Divergent

26. Three examples of fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas. Are these renewable or non-renewable and why? 27. These rocks form when rocks are weathered and eroded over time and then are cemented together to form a sedimentary rock. They are non-renewable resources because they can not be made again quickly. They take millions of years to be formed.

28. Seismographs are used to detect Earthquakes. 29. Sea Floor spreading happens in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, so it must be from a plate boundary. Divergent

30. These short lived volcanoes are the most dangerous! are the most dangerous and explosive. Good Luck on the quiz, so let’s Git-R-Done! Cinder Cone Volcanoes

Scantron Directions ( Pencil Only) Name Mr. Madigan DTHS Earth Science June 8,2011 Class (leave blank) Period 7-8 Fill in Student ID Number (No stray marks)