Chap 12 The Endocrine system: glands and hormones Memmler’s A&P Chap 12 The Endocrine system: glands and hormones

Endocrine system p260 A group of glands that produce regulatory chemicals Works with nervous system to control and coordinate body system activities Hormone effects are slow acting

Hormones p260 Chemical messengers Endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into the surrounding tissue fluids Regulation of hormones is primarily by negative feedback to maintain homeostasis

Pituitary Gland p261 Pituitary gland is the master gland Controlled by the hypothalmus See table 12-1 p262 Anterior lobe FLAT PIG Posterior lobe ADH, oxytocin

Disorders of thyroid gland: Goiter Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Thyroid gland p265 Thyroxine (T4) Thiiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin Disorders of thyroid gland: Goiter Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism

Goiter and exophthalmos p266

Parathyroid glands p266 Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcium metabolism p267 Calcium balance is necessary for healthy bones, teeth, and for proper functioning of nervous tissue and muscle. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in the small intestine Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone work together to maintain a homeostatic blood level of calcium.

Adrenal glands p267 2 parts: Adrenal cortex Stimulated by ACTH Secretes Glucocorticoid cortisol Mineralcorticoid aldosterone Adrenal medulla Stimulated by SNS epinephrine norepinephrine

Pancreas hormones p268 Insulin Glucagon Diabetes mellitus Type 1 Gestational diabetes

Long term complications of uncontrolled DM p269 Abnormal fat metabolism, leads to hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis) Damage to blood vessels, retina Damage to peripheral nerves: peripheral neuropathy Decreased transport of amino acids: poor wound healing

Sex hormones p269-270 Male sex hormones: androgens Testosterone secreted by testes Under effects of LH from anterior pituitary Female sex hormones: Estrogen and progesterone secreted by ovaries Under effects of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary Effects of sex hormones at puberty results in secondary sex characteristics

Pineal gland p270 Located in middle of brain Secretes melatonin during dark periods Regulates sleep wake cycles

Other hormones p270 Erythropoietin- produced by kidneys to stimulate RBC production Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) – produced by atria of heart to lower blood pressure Placental hormones (HCG) human chorionic gonaditropin

Hormones and stress p271 Endocrine system secretes hormones in response to stress Sympathetic nervous system causes release of Epinephrine causes response to be body wide ACTH raises levels of glucose inhibits inflammation by stimulating release of cortisol aldosterone Growth hormone Thyroid hormones Sex hormones Insulin Unchecked, this process is harmful to your body.