Matter and Energy By: Paola Luevanos and Charlotte Renken

MATTER Matter is made out of mass and is anything that occupies space. Mass is quantity of matter that an object has but it is not the same as weight. Chemical changes in matter are very important to life processes.

States of Matter The three states of matter are solid,liquid, and gas Solid- assumes shape of the part of container that it occupies. Liquid-retains fixed shape and volume Gas-assumes shape and volume of container Particles in a solid,liquid, and gas particles in a solid are tightly packed, usually in regular pattern o particles in a solid also vibrate but generally do not move from one place to another particles in a liquid are close together with no arrangement o particles also vibrate,move about, and slide past each other particles in a gas are separated with no arrangement o particles also vibrate and more freely at high speed

ELEMENTS & ATOMS Pure substances that can't be broken down chemically. Each element has different chemical symbol. There are more than 100 identified elements. More than 90% of the mass of living things are composed of combinations of four elements. o Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N) Atoms are simple particles of an element that retain properties of an element Properties of an element determine structure and properties of matter Atoms' true structure can't be seen because they are too small to be observed (not even with the most powerful microscope can you see them) Models of atoms help us predict how they will act in nature.

NUCLEUS Central core of atoms and has two particles. Proton which has positive electrical charge Neutron has no electrical charge Most mass of atom is concentrated on nucleus All atoms of given element have same number of protons Number of protons in atoms are called atomic number. In the atom the number of positively charged protons is balanced by equal number of smalll negatively charged particles which are called electrons.

ELECTRONS High energy particles with little mass which move in the nucleus at high speed. Electrons in outer energy levels have more energy than those in inner energy levels. Energy levels can hold up a certain amount of electrons. ex. First level nearest nucleus holds up to 2 electrons whole the second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons.

COMPOUNDS Most elements do not exist by themselves they readily combine with other elements. Pure substance that is made up of atoms of two or more elements is called a compound. Proportions of each kind of atom are fixed. Chemical formula shows the kind of proportion of atoms of each element that forms a particular compound. Physical and chemical properties of a compound are different from physical and chemical properties of the individual elements that compose it. Combining and forming of compounds depend on the number and arrangement of electrons in their atoms. Since most atoms are not stable in their natural state they react or combine with other atoms so then the atoms become more stable

COMPOUNDS cont. Most elements undergo chemical reactions because some of them like carbon,nitrogen, and oxygen consist of atoms with unfilled energy levels. So chemical reactions allow them to combine in ways that cause their atoms to become stable. Chemical bonds are broken once chemical reactions occur and atoms are rearranged and new chemical bonds, or attachments are formed.

Chemical Bonds Chemical bonds are attractions between atoms because of shared Covalent bonds are: o When two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. o The simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of the substance and that can exist in a free state are molecules. o Molecules are large and complex Ionic bonds are: o Ionic bonds arise from elements with low electronegativity(almost empty outer shells) reacting with elements with high electronegativity (mostly full outer shells). In this case there is a complete transfer of electrons.

What are molecules? Simplest part of substance which retains properties of the substance which exist in free state. Molecules make up living and non-living things. They are also made out of atoms. Molecules in living things are made out of 25 to 100 known atoms in the universe.

Energy work and energy related o energy-ability to do work o work-process of changing energy level energy occurs in different forms o one can be converted from one form to another energy can never be created or destroyed

Energy Forms Energy forms are either potential or kinetic. Potential Energy Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position — gravitational energy. There are several forms of potential energy. Chemical Energy Mechanical Energy Nuclear Energy Gravitational Energy Electrical Energy Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is motion — of waves, molecules, objects, substances, and objects. Radiant Energy Thermal Energy Motion Energy Sound

Potential Energy Chemical Energy o stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules o Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy when we burn wood in a fireplace or burn gasoline in a car's engine Mechanical Energy o is energy stored in objects by tension. o Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical energy. Nuclear Energy o is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom — the energy that holds the nucleus together. Gravitational Energy o is energy stored in an object's height. o When you ride a bicycle down a steep hill and pick up speed, the gravitational energy is being converted to motion energy

Potential Energy Cont. Electrical Energy o stored in a battery, and can be used to power a cell phone or start a car. o Electrical energy is delivered by tiny charged particles called electrons, typically moving through a wire. o Lightning is an example of electrical energy in nature, so powerful that it is not confined to a wire.

Kinetic Energy Radiant Energy o is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. o Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. o Light is one type of radiant energy. o Sunshine is radiant energy, which provides the fuel and warmth that make life on Earth possible. Thermal Energy o or heat, is the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules within substances. o As an object is heated up, its atoms and molecules move and collide faster. o Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in the Earth. Motion Energy o is energy stored in the movement of objects. o The faster they move, the more energy is stored.

Kinetic Energy Sound o the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal waves. o Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate o the energy is transferred through the substance in a wave. o Usually, the energy in sound is far less than other forms of energy.

So What Does This All Have to do With Biology?! Matter, energy and molecules, being in everything, therefore has to do with Biology. They are the building blocks of everything in our universe and explain the many things that happen in this universe.