Goal – to apply the ST and S-F (and other approaches) to real-world analysis. To understand the factors to be compared and the data used in empirical study. Understand democracy 1.Finish reading, then discuss with a groupThe Rogue that Plays by the Rules related to S-F and ST 2.What is being compared? Describe the factors, concepts, topics and characteristics that we will compare in this course. 1.Legitimacy, Civic culture, Civil Society, Agents of articulation and aggregation 3.McCormick’s Typology approach – what is the value here? How does this help us with the 5 STs? 4.Democracy according to Kesselman: a)Identify the 5 democratic conditions necessary for a political system to be typed as democratic 5.Democracy according to Powell AR #13 a)Identify and explain the preconditions for democratic consolidation b)Do you agree that these are the main characteristics and preconditions? What should be added or removed to make our understanding of democracy more complete and accurate? c)How does the Briefing paper compare to Kesselman? AP Comp Day 9 – How and WHAT will we compare?

Repairing Democracy Promotion By Thomas CarothersSpecial to washingtonpost.com's Think Tank Town Friday, September 14, 2007; 12:00 AM U.S. democracy promotion is in a deeply troubled state. The Bush administration's close identification of democracy building with the war in Iraq has discredited the concept both at home and abroad. America's standing as a global symbol of democracy and human rights has been crippled by the many U.S. abuses of the rule of law in the war on terrorism.

articulation aggregation Policy making implementation Policy functions System Functions Foreign state

Articulation – interest groups types are based on: 1. their goals and organization A.institutional groups – groups whose main purpose is something other than interest articulation like a bureaucracy in government, the Church, the bridge club, etc. but nonetheless operates at times to advance in the political system the interests of its members B.Associational groups – a formal, well-organized, hierarchical (generally) organization whose primary purpose is articulation of its members’ interests C.Non-associational groups – like associational in purpose, but not well-organized and without formality or “membership” D.Anomic groups - spontaneous, unorganized groups who form generally from emotional stimuli like frustration or relative deprivation. Behaviors and methods of interest articulation are often violent 2.Their number, efficacy and connection to the state A.Corporatist – entire sectors of interest are represented by a single organization (body) speaking with a single voice B.Pluralist – each interest sector is represented by numerous groups each with its own voiceArticulation

Aggregation – political leadership, elites and parties are dependent upon the structure of the state 1.Authoritarian single-party exclusive and inclusive 2.Authoritarian multi-party 3.competitive 2 party – Single-member district first-past-the-post electoral system 4.Pluralist party systems – parliamentary proportional electoral systemAggregation

1.Variables to study 1.Political variables 2.Economic variables 3.Social variables 2.The 6 arenas 1.Liberal democracies 2.Communist and Post-Communist (Formerly the 2 nd world) 3.Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC) (transitioning from 3 rd to 1 st world status) 4.Less Developed Countries (LDC) (formerly the 3 rd World) 5.Islamic Countries 6.Marginal Countries (Formerly the bottom of the 3 rd World) McCormick’s Typology approach

Rule of Law The concept that the power and discretion of government and its officials ought to be restrained by a supreme set of neutral rules that prevent arbitrary and unfair action by government. Also called constitutionalism. - Magstadt the principle that legal rules rather than arbitrary or personal decisions determine what happens – Hauss governments can take no action that has not been authorized by law and that citizens can be punished only for actions violating existing laws- A & P

Legitimacy A significant segment of the citizenry must believe that the state acts with some moral authority. People believe that the state has the right to issue rules binding for people within their borders - Kesselman People believe that rules should be followed voluntarily because they are in the best interests of all citizens. – Palmer People have the feeling that the regime’s rule is rightful and should be obeyed.- Roskin Some key legitimizing factors – Transparency, free elections, compatibility of system with culture, open and free press, economic success, improved living standards, rule of law, access to quality public services, civil rights, responsiveness to inputs, civil society, accountability, political efficacy, absence of relative deprivation

Civic Culture Culture characterized by by trust, legitimacy, and limited involvement, which some theorists believe is most conducive to democracy - Hauss A political culture characterized by 1)most citizens’ acceptance of the authority of the state but also 2) a general belief in civic duties… participation is mixed with passivity, trust and a deference to authority – Wynn

Civil Society The web of membership in social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain democracy - Hauss an extensive network of interest groups and public participation …social and political interactions free of state control or regulation, such as community groups, voluntary assoc’s and even religious groups – A+P space occupied by voluntary assoc’s outside the state like professional assoc’s, trade unions, student and women’s groups…similar to society although civil society implies a degree of organization absent from the more inclusive term society - Kesselman

1.Free and fair competitive elections with rules and regularity 2.Freedom of assembly and party activity 3.Procedures w/o arbitrariness, due process, transparency in policy-making and accountability 4.Civil liberties and rights w/ political equality 5.Independent judiciary with power over other institutions of gov’t Kesselman’s Democracy

1 – political accountability – state must be able to be held accountable by the governed 2 – political competition – alternation of power must be possible for different political parties and the losers must accept the winner’s right to govern 3 – political freedom – citizens must have the rights to participate and be informed – must have rule of law and independent judiciary 4 – political equality – all citizens must be able to participate in politics with their votes and voices weighted equally Kesselman’s Democracy

1.Democracy can be inequitable 2.No country is completely democratic 3.Contentiousness of issues often result valid and legitimate positions that result in a winner and loser, where the loser believes that the decision may be illegitimate 4.Economic inequalities stack the deck against the poor in the arena of politics 5.Many different institutional types of democracies, not just presidential Kesselman - Qualification of the Democracy definition

1 – civil society 2 – political society of rules, institutions and processes 3 – rule of law 4 – professional, permanent, apolitical bureaucracy 5 – economic society that has freedom within limits Kesselman - Preconditions for consolidation

process Democratization is the process by which a nation-state moves from non-democracy through procedural to fully consolidated substantive democracy. This has happened in three waves 1.19 th and early 20 th C – US, UK, France (sorta), Canada, et al 2.After WWII as empires crumbled and fascism failed 3.70’s through 90’s as communism and the USSR failed and the authoritarians throughout saw their fragile economies and corrupt leadership styles become illegitimated Democratization Briefing Paper

Substantive Democracy – like Kesselman’s enduring or consolidated democracy Procedural democracy – has the basics like a newly transitional democracy, but not consolidated yet Illiberal democracy – has the appearance of democracy, like a Potemkin Village, but the underlying factors do not exist to much extent Electoral authoritarianism – non-democracies who pretend to be democratic Democratization Briefing Paper

Preconditions of Democratization Level of economic development – while not necessary, it is often an important catalyst in producing modernization: an environment of education, widespread information media, improved infrastructure for information and transportation, leading to civil society and better living standards. All of this helps to lead to democratization. International and regional environment of democracy – if the world, trading partners and neighbors want democracy, it puts pressure on system to democratize Democratization Briefing Paper

Substantive democracy – consolidation includes 1.Democratic competition accepted by all major actors seeking political influence 2.Citizen participation 3.Rule of law 4.Society has accepted the values of competitive parties, independent judiciaries, subordinated militaries, and the rule of law 5.Continued modernization and improved standards of living Democratization Briefing Paper

1.Elected officials make policy within constitutional limits w/o veto from informal or unelected sources or from super-sovereign influences from abroad 2.competitive, fair, free, non-coercive & regular elections 3.practically full universal suffrage 4.Practically universal right to run for office 5.Free and noncoercive right to expression 6.Free, widely available & multiple information sources 7.Civil society S and K - Procedures Democracy in a nation-state:

1.Agreement that electoral winners get to rule, but winners cannot freeze out opposition 2.Citizens must follow rules, currently agreed to or not, so long as there is legitimacy based partially on belief that free elections will occur later “contingent consent” 3.There does not have to be consensus, just rule of law consistent with the political culture or set of political norms 4.Must be opportunity for alternation of power and policy S and K’s factors of feasibility for Democracy in a nation-state are: