Applying Human Factors Principles Chapter 10 Section B Aeronautical Decision Making

Downloaded from Risk Elements Pilot – fitness, competency, currency, experience Aircraft – performance, limits, equipment, airworthiness Environment – wx., airport conditions, ATC svcs. Operation – purpose of flight Situation – situational awareness of all above

Downloaded from Decision-making Process D – detect E – estimate C – choose I – identify D – do E – evaluate

Downloaded from Accidents – Incidents Accident – – An occurrence in which any person on board the aircraft suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage Incident – – An occurrence other than an accident which affects the safety of operations

Downloaded from NTSB National Transportation Safety Board – Investigates every U. S. civil aviation accident – Issues safety recommendations – Maintains database – Conducts research on safety issues –

Downloaded from Poor Judgment Chain aka error chain Accidents and incidents rarely, if ever, are the result of a single cause Usually a series of errors occurs which lead to the accident or incident Break one link in the chain and sequence of events would be stopped

Downloaded from Risk Flight activities where accidents are most likely to occur

Downloaded from When do aviation accidents happen? 57.2% of GA accidents occur during 6% of flight time Takeoff/initial climb, Approach, Landing

Downloaded from PIC Responsibility Read top half of page Judgment – Learned From your mistakes From other experiences From the experiences of others – Ability to exercise good judgment affected by Stressors

Downloaded from Stressors Three categories – Physical stress – Physiological stress – Psychological stress Personal checklist

Downloaded from Stress

Downloaded from Improving Judgment Anticipate decisions Train and practice in critical areas Match individual skills with the job Standardize whenever possible Maintain positive attitudes Practice effective communications Be deliberate in decision making

Downloaded from Hazardous Attitudes

Downloaded from Communication Sending Listening Feedback Good ATC radio procedures help

Downloaded from Communication When the rear-seat pilot of a dual-piloted T-33 aircraft attempted to adjust his position, he inadvertently deployed the life raft in the seat bucket survival kit. As the raft inflated, it pushed the stick forward, which caused the aircraft to pitch nose down. The front seat pilot attempted to correct the dive, but met resistance when he pulled the stick back.

Downloaded from Communication, continued Meanwhile, the back seater found and deployed the raft deflation tool. The front seater, trying to solve the control problem, heard an explosion as the cockpit filled with talcum powder from inside the raft, which looked very much like smoke. He identified the problem as an engine failure, closed the throttle and secured the engine.

Downloaded from Communication, continued As the haze cleared in the back, the back seater noticed the apparent engine flameout and ejected. The front seater then dead- sticked the aircraft into a field. Throughout this entire sequence, not a word was spoken.

Downloaded from Barriers to Sending Poor choice of words Silence Assumptions Tone Over load Volume

Downloaded from Barriers to Listening Boredom Complacency Distractions Impatience Anger

Downloaded from Feedback Ask for clarification until you understand Acknowledge Restate Confirm Observe Question Disagree Answer

Downloaded from Double Check When You Hear... Probably Possibly I think so I hope so Maybe Should

Downloaded from Internal Barriers to Communication Rank Attitude Choice of words Misinterpretation Hearback – Hear what you want to hear or are expecting – Mixing/switching numbers , 120,210

Downloaded from External Barriers to Communications High noise Uncomfortable temperatures High workload Uncertain of policies/procedures Unable to see the other person

Downloaded from Resources Internal – in the cockpit during flight External – outside of the cockpit during flight

Downloaded from Workload Management Plan Prepare Prioritize

Downloaded from Overload

Downloaded from Compare

Downloaded from Situational Awareness An accurate perception of the operational and environmental factors which affect the aircraft, pilot, and passengers during a specific period of time. Fixating on one thing Complacency

Downloaded from ADM Works! United Flight 232 Captain Al Haynes – “We had 103 Years of flying experience in that cockpit... but not one minute of that 103 years had been spent operating an airplane the way we were trying to fly it. If we had not worked together, with everybody coming up with ideas and discussing what we should do next and how we were going to do it, I do not think we would have made it to Sioux City.”