An Introduction to THEORIES of LEARNING CHAPTER An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright ©

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An Introduction to THEORIES of LEARNING CHAPTER An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Ninth Edition

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849—1936)

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Pavlov’s Investigation of Digestion

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Pavlov’s Discovery Lab animal could chew and swallow but food would fall through a surgically implanted tube. Pavlov’s important insight was that, although chewed food never actually stimulated stomach tissues, gastric fluids still flowed.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Development of a Conditioned Reflex Basic Elements Unconditioned Stimulus (US)  elicits a natural and automatic response called the Unconditioned Response (UR)

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Development of a Conditioned Reflex US  UR  Meat powder  Salivation or  Weak electric shock  withdrawal reflex

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Development of a Conditioned Reflex Conditioned Stimulus (CS)  A “neutral” event that does not elicit the response of interest. A flashing light, for example, does not normally elicit salivation.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Development of a Conditioned Reflex The CS is repeatedly paired with the US.  CS (flashing light) + repeatedly paired with  US (meat powder)----  UR (salivation)

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Development of a Conditioned Reflex Eventually, the CS is presented without the US, and a response called the Conditioned Reflex or Conditioned Response (CR) is elicited. CS  CR (Flashing light) (salivation) + (no US)

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Experimental Methods Experimental Extinction  After CR develops, the CS is repeated without the US, and the CR gradually disappears. Spontaneous Recovery  After extinction, the CS can be presented and the CR will temporarily reappear.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Experimental Methods Higher-Order Conditioning  After a CS has been paired repeatedly with a US, it can be used much like a US. CS is temporarily a secondary reinforcer. Because secondary reinforcement cannot develop without the US, the US is called a primary reinforcer.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Experimental Methods Generalization  Stimuli similar to the CS will also elicit the CR Discrimination  With prolonged training, generalization decreases and only the original CS elicits the CR.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Generalization

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison Between Classical and Instrumental Conditioning Instrumental and Operant Conditioning  Reinforcer follows response.  There is debate about necessity of reinforcers.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison Between Classical and Instrumental Conditioning Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning  The reinforcer (US) precedes response (UR).  The US is essential for classical conditioning.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Research After Pavlov CRs Are Not Necessarily Little URs CRs may actually be the opposite of the UR. Possibly a homeostatic response to return the organism to a state of balance.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Research After Pavlov Extinction Involves Interference  Renewal effect: when a response conditioned in one context is extinguished in another. When the subject is returned to the original setting and the CS presented, the CR is readily elicited.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Research After Pavlov Extinction Involves Interference  Reinstatement: when experimental extinction seems to be complete, after a few unpaired presentations of the US, the original CS again elicits a CR.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Rescorla-Wagner Theory of Classical Conditioning A maximum level of conditioning can be attained. This maximum is called λ (lambda). The theory describes how the level of learning on a given trial approaches the maximum λ. The amount of learning on any trial (n) is ΔV n

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Rescorla-Wagner Theory of Classical Conditioning The “strength” of a CS is designated α. The “strength” of a US is designated β. α and β combine when the CS and US are presented.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Rescorla-Wagner Theory of Classical Conditioning The change on a trial (ΔV n ) starts with the amount conditioned on the previous trial V n-1 and brings the amount of learning closer to λ. ΔV n = αβ (λ - V n-1 )

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Rescorla-Wagner Theory of Classical Conditioning The amount conditioned on any trial ΔV n is some portion of what was already conditioned previously and the maximum that can be conditioned. That portion is large if α and β are large, and vice versa. What happens if α x β = 1.00?

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Research After Pavlov Martin Seligman and Learned Helplessness

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learned Helplessness When animals are exposed to unpredictable and unavoidable electric shocks as US, they “give up.” They appear helpless when later challenged with learning problems.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Research After Pavlov Conditioned Taste Aversion  Garcia and Koelling exposed rats to strong X-rays while they were drinking saccharine-sweetened water (CS). X-ray treatment causes nausea (US).  Subsequently, the rats refused to drink saccharine-sweetened water.

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Research After Pavlov Applications in Clinical Psychology  Extinction  Countercondtioning  Flooding  Systematic Desensitization

An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Research After Pavlov Applications in Medicine The immune system can be classically conditioned. Application in autoimmune disorders, implant rejection, or AIDS