Jamie Rusch Psychiatric Medications

›Always been a part of mental health care –Legal or illegal, prescribed or self-administered ›Sedatives played a large role inside institutions ›Illegal drugs played a role outside of institutions ›Specific drugs became reality after WWII History Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›1940s and early 1950s, French company explored sedatives ›Discovered chlorpromazine –Relaxed patients but did not make them tired ›Psychiatrists claimed this “straightened out disordered thinking” ›Quickly caught on in North America and Europe –Less dangerous than lobotomies or electroconvulsive therapy History Continued Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›Concept of a “magic bullet” drove research ›Laboratory research led to drug boom –Minor tranquilizers for anxiety –Anti-psychotics –Antidepressants –Mood stabilizers –Attention Deficit Disorder medication History Continued Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›Medications affected how mental illness was treated ›Medication availability helped closure of mental institutions ›Social impact –Awareness prompted discussion and reduced stigma –Thought of as chemical imbalance –In turn, increased psychiatric drug market History continued Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›Schizophrenia ›Depression ›Bipolar Disorder ›ADHD Most Common Disorders at Cherokee Mental Health Institute

›Neurotransmitters- chemicals in the brain that transmit messages to a receiving neuron in the brain ›Too much dopamine in subcortical part (cognition and emotion) of brain ›Not enough dopamine in prefrontal (organization, attention and motivation) ›Abnormal Serotonin, GABA, and glutamate Schizophrenia-What’s different? Hoeksema, S. (2013). Abnormal psychology (5th ed). New York, N.Y.: McGrawHill. McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

›Typical antipsychotics (available since 1950s) –Haloperidol –Chlorpromazine –Perphenazine ›Rebalance dopamine, ›Improves thinking, mood, organization, hallucinations, and delusions Schizophrenia-Medications Hoeksema, S. (2013). Abnormal psychology (5th ed). New York, N.Y.: McGrawHill. McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›Atypical antipsychotics (available since 1990s) –Risperidone (Risperdal) –Olanzapine (Zyprexa) –Quetiapine (Seroquel) ›Rebalances dopamine AND serotonin ›Improves thinking, mood, behavior, delusions, hallucinations, motivation Schizophrenia: Medications McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›Weight gain ›Drowsiness ›Blurred vision ›Rapid heartbeat ›Tremors and muscles spasms ›Long-term kidney damage and tardive dyskinesia (uncontrollable muscle movement) Schizophrenia: Medication Side Effects Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›Inadequate amounts of –Norepinephrine (attention, motivation, pleasure, reward) –Serotonin –Dopamine (Alertness, energy) Depression Hoeksema, S. (2013). Abnormal psychology (5th ed). New York, N.Y.: McGrawHill. McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

›Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) –Fluoxetine (Prozac) –Sertraline (Zoloft) –Excitalopram (Lexapro) ›Enhance the action of serotonin ›Improve sadness, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, loss of interest Depression: Medications (Antidepressants) McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) –Duloxetine (Cymbalta) –Bupropion (Wellbutrin) ›Enhance action of serotonin and norepinephrine ›Used less commonly by CMHI medical providers Depression: Medications (Antidepressants) McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›Headache ›Nausea ›Sleeplessness ›Weight gain ›Agitation Side effects Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›May involve norepinephrine, serotonin, and many others ›Lie dormant and then be activated by a life event Bipolar Disorder Hoeksema, S. (2013). Abnormal psychology (5th ed). New York, N.Y.: McGrawHill. McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Thase, M., & Sachs, G. (2000). Bipolar depression: pharmacotherapy. Biological Psychiatry, 48(6),

›Mood stabilizers –Lithium (manic and depressive episodes) –Depakote ›Antipsychotics ›Antidepressants –Controversial DISCLAIMER: Bipolar is difficult to treat and takes experimenting and different combinations for everyone!! Bipolar Disorder: Medications McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter. medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter Thase, M., & Sachs, G. (2000). Bipolar depression: pharmacotherapy. Biological Psychiatry, 48(6),

›Dry mouth ›Slurred speech ›Blackouts ›Frequent urination ›Hallucinations Bipolar: Medication Side Effects Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›High amounts of serotonin in the brain –Affects impulsivity ›Dopamine and norepinephrine function abnormally Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Hoeksema, S. (2013). Abnormal psychology (5th ed). New York, N.Y.: McGrawHill.

›Stimulants –Methylphenidate (Ritalin) –Amphetamine (Adderall) ›Nonstimulants –Atomoxetine (Strattera) ›Improve attention through heightened focus ›Do the same thing but without addiction risk ADHD: Medications McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter.

›Treating mental illness is tricky ›It is not like a virus or an infection ›Difficult deciding what medications to use ›Takes educated trials as well as trial and error ›Medications only work when taken properly Conclusion

›Craighead, W., & Dunlop, B. W. (2014). Combination Psychotherapy and Antidepressant Medication Treatment for Depression: For Whom, When, and How. Annual Review Of Psychology, 65(1), doi: /annurev.psych ›Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. (5th ed.). (2013). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association ›Hoeksema, S. (2013). Abnormal psychology (5th ed). New York, N.Y.: McGrawHill. ›McKim, W. A., & Hancock, S. D. (2012). Drugs and behavior: an introduction to behavioral pharmacology. (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. ›Medications. (n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from ›Mental Health Medications. (2008, July 8). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from medications/index.shtml?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter. ›Moncrieff, J., Cohen, D., & Porter, S. (2013). The Psychoactive Effects of Psychiatric Medication: The Elephant in the Room. Journal Of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(5), doi: / ›Thase, M., & Sachs, G. (2000). Bipolar depression: pharmacotherapy. Biological Psychiatry, 48(6), References