Construction application of the concrete Highways and airfields Structural concrete Massive concrete Dams Barrages Weirs canal linings Penstocks Properties of each type of concrete are different Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Construction application of the concrete Highways and airfields Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Construction application of the concrete Structural concrete components Beams Columns Slabs Wall panels Bridge parts Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Structural concrete components Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Bridge parts Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Massive concrete 1.Barrages 2.Weirs Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Massive concrete 3.Canals 4.Dams Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Structure of the concrete Level of observation Macro level Meso level Micro level Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Structure of the concrete Macro level Concrete is considered as one Material Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Structure of the concrete Meso level Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Structure of the concrete Meso level Concrete is considered as Material consisting of Cement sand matrix Coarse aggregates Cracks ITZ [interfacial transition zone] Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Structure of the concrete Micro level Concrete is considered as Material consisting of C-S-H C-H K-C-S-H CaCO3 Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Products of Hydration Backscattered electron image (SEM) of the C3S paste hydrated for 24 h. Magnification: 250·. Backscattered electron image (SEM) of the alite paste hydrated for 1 month. Magnification: 250·. [Knut O. Kjellsen a,*, Harald Justnes Norcem AS, R&D Department, N-3950 Brevik, Norway SINTEF, Civil and Environmental Engineering, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway] Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Binder: That binds the fillers together Fillers: The occupy the space and chemically inert Secondary Binder: They perform their function after the hydration Hydration agent and lubricant: Required for hydration reaction Friction reducers: The increase the distance between binder particles Mineral admixtures: To optimize the packing of particles Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete 1.Cement: Reacts with water to produce binding gel C3S + H2O+C3A+Ca(SO4) C-S-H+ CH+ C3A3CaSO432H2O C2S+ H2O+C3A+Ca(SO4) C-S-H + CH+ C3A3CaSO432H2O Ettringinite Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Products of Hydration Calcium Silicate Hydrate Gel C-S-H Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Ettringnite C3A3CaSO432H2O Advanced concrete technology John Newman Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Fillers: Coarse Aggregates Fine Aggregates Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Coarse Aggregates: Particles retained on ASTM sieve No 4 Crushed rock particles www.philstopsoil.com Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Coarse Aggregates: Particles retained on ASTM sieve No 4 2.River run gravels www.philstopsoil.com www. or.water.usgs.gov Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Mineral Nature Limestone Limestone dolomite Shale: Gabbros Basalt Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Limestone: Sedimentary rocks Limestone dolomite: Sedimentary rocks www. horton.ednet.ns.ca www. sciencenetlinks.com Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Shale/ Marble: Metamorphic rocks www. geophysics.ou.edu www.earth.ox.ac.uk Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Gabbros: Igneous Basalt: Igneous www. videojug.com www. buzzle.com Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Gabbros: Extrusive mafic volcanic rock www. volcano.oregonstate.edu www. geology.about.com Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Basalt: Intrusive mafic volcanic rock www. itc.gsw.edu www. meteorites.wustl.edu Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Fine Aggregates: Naturally crushed rock i.e Sand Scanning electron microscopic image of sand particles Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Fine Aggregates: Naturally crushed rock i.e Sand Coarse Sand Fine Sand www. scottbros.com Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Hydration agent and lubricant: Water It is expressed as a ratio of cement. Water fit for drinking is fit for concrete ACI2009 It reacts with cement It lubricates the coarse and fine aggregates Hence reduce the friction Improve the workability of concrete Workability: It is the workdone required to produce full compaction with minimum loss of homogenity. Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Secondary Binders: They don't react with water These materials react with CH They form secondary silicate hydrates K-C-S-H These hydrates are strong and tough Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Secondary Binders: 1.Micro Silica Scanning electron microscopy of condensed silica fume SFI Chai Jaturapitakkul*, Kraiwood Kiattikomol, Vanchai Sata, Theerarach Leekeeratikul Department of Civil Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Properties: Surface area: Silica fumes due to very large surface area (15000 m2/kg)and high concentration of SiO2(about 92%) are highly reactive.[1] 2. Size: There can be 50,000 to 100,000 particles of silica fumes per cement particle. Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Properties: 3. Thixotropy: Silica fumes concrete is thixotropic due to ball bearing effect of spherical shaped particles. 4. Reactivity: Increases the rate of hydration of C3S fraction of cement (Andrija 1986) Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Secondary Binders: 2. Flyash Scanning electron microscopy of original fly ash. Chai Jaturapitakkul*, Kraiwood Kiattikomol, Vanchai Sata, Theerarach Leekeeratikul Department of Civil Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Types of Fly Ash Type Specific Area Activity Particle Shape m2/kg Coarse 1800 Highly Crystalline Irregular Fly ash Medium 5000 Medium Glassy Combination Fine 9000 Highly Glassy Spherical [Chai Jaturapitakkul*, Kraiwood Kiattikomol, Vanchai Sata, Theerarach Leekeeratikul Department of Civil Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand] Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Secondary Binders: 3-Ground granulated blast furnace slag [GGBS] Produced during the extraction of pig iron Through the blast furnace Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Ground granulated blast furnace slag GGBS Vibro mill produed sample Ball mill produced sample Ball mill sample with grinding Assistant Air flow mill produced sample Huiwen Wan*, Zhonghe Shui, Zongshou Lin School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China Received 7 November 2002; accepted 17 July 2003 Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Properties of GGBS Concrete 1. Water demand: Reduced water demand (smooth surface textured GGBS particles attach to the cement grain retarding early hydration hence enhance flluidity) 2. Stiffening time: Increased stiffening time 3. Bleeding:Increased probability of bleeding Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Properties of GGBS Concrete 4. Form work pressure:Increased form work pressure 5. Curing periods:Longer curing periods 6. Thermal cracking:Reduced thermal cracking Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Constituents of GGBS in comparason with OPC Oxides OPC % GGBS % CaO 64.0 40.0 SiO2 21.0 36.0 Al2O3 6.0 10.0 Fe2O3 3.0 0.5 MgO 1.5 8.0 SO3 2.0 0.2 K2O 0.8 0.7 Na2O 0.5 0.4 Advanced concrete technology John Newman Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Hydration mechanism OPC+water C-S-H+Ca(OH)2 NaOH KOH GGBS+Ca(OH)2 C-(N,K)-S-H Advanced concrete technology John Newman Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete 4.Metakaolin www. hpcbridgeviews.com Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Micro filler: Quartz Sand: Size 200-500 m-6 www.rajasthanminerals.com Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Micro filler: Quartz powder: Size 1-10 m-6 http://www.37micronsindia.com/snow-white-quartz-powder.htm www. tradekorea.com Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete High range water reducers/ Admixtures Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Admixtures Types depending upon function Plasticizer Superplasticizer Types depending upon origin Lignin based Coal tar or petroleum based Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Processing Sulphonation[With concentrated sulphuric acid] Polymerization[to improve properties] Neutralization[with salts to have ionic effect] Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Functional Constituents of concrete Basic Types 1.Sulphonated melamine fomaldehyde(SMF). 2.Sulphonated naphthalene fomaldehyde(SNF). 3.Poly carboxilate ether chains(PCE)Third generation Dr Kafeel Ahmed

General Proportioning Dr Kafeel Ahmed