Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules

What makes a molecule organic?

Carbon How many bonds does carbon want? Carbon can form molecules of all different sizes and shapes…

Organic Molecules Large carbon chains are called polymers or macromolecules Polymers are made or synthesized through dehydration synthesis, also called a condensation reaction. Polymers are broken by hydrolysis, which means breaking water apart.

4 types of macromolecules

Carbohydrates Examples? Functions: Energy storage Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Building blocks: Monosaccharide (mono means?)

Carbohydrates How are multiple carbohydrates joined together? – Dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction

Types of carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharide (1) - simple sugars! – Ex: glucose, fructose 2. Disaccharides (2) – Ex: Sucrose or table sugar 3. Polysaccharides (3+) – Ex: Cellulose (fiber ), Chitin, Glycogen (animal storage, and Starch (plant storage)

Lipids Examples? Functions: biological membranes and energy storage Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Types of lipids 1.Fats 2. Oils 3. Waxes 4. Sterols (steroids) *Phosopholipids-used in the making of plasma membrane (Bi-layer or two layers).

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats – Contain only single bonds for the carbon – Solid at room temperature – Sources: dairy products (cheese, yogurt, milk, etc), meats and etc. Unsaturated Fats – Contain at least one double bond One double bond is monounsaturated Two or more double bonds is polyunsaturated – Liquid at room temperature – Sources: oils (olive, canola, etc)

Nucleic Acids Examples? Functions: heredity (genetics) Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen Building blocks: Nucleotides (ATCGU) Structure: Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous base

Protein Examples? Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen Functions: building material, transport, regulation, and aiding chemical reactions. Building blocks: Amino Acids

Amino Acids

Organic Chemistry & Macromolecule Vocabulary List Carbohydrates—organic molecule that stores fast energy; examples are sugars and starch Lipids—organic molecule that is not soluble in water, stores energy and provides insulation; ex: fats and oils Proteins—organic molecule that is structural and speeds up chemical reactions; ex: enzymes and hemaglobin

Vocabulary List Continued Nucleic Acids—organic molecule that carries genetic information; ex: DNA & RNA Benedicts Solution—a blue reagent that changes color in the presence of simple sugars Starch—a major source of carbohydrates for living things made of bonded glucose molecules

Vocabulary List Continued Enzymes—a type of protein found in all living things that changes (usually speeds up) the rate of chemical reactions Insulin—a protein hormone that affects metabolism by breaking down glucose Glycogen—a complex carbohydrate used to store energy; typically found in liver and muscle cells

Vocabulary List Continued Cellulose—a polysaccharide carbohydrate made of many bonded glucose units; typically found in cell walls of plants and provides nutritional roughage. Hemoglobin—a type of protein that is in red blood cells; contains iron and carries oxygen from lungs to body cells. Biurets Solution—a blue reagent that turns purple in the presence of proteins.