UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Facultat de Biblioteconomia i Documentació Grau d’Informació i Documentació Research Methods Research process and literature review.

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Presentation transcript:

UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Facultat de Biblioteconomia i Documentació Grau d’Informació i Documentació Research Methods Research process and literature review Professor: Ángel Borrego

Conducting research Research is a habit of questioning what you do and a systematic examination to explain what you observe with a view to implement appropriate changes for a more effective professional service. re: again search: examine closely and carefully, to test and try, to probe

Questions or objectives Descriptive: attempts to describe systematically a situation, a problem, a service, a programme, etc. Description: what is the demographic profile of the users of my library? Comparison: which search engine performs better, Bing o Google? Explanatory: aims to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two aspects of a situation. Explanation: is there a relationship between library usage and students performance?; why have visits to my library declined during the last year? Prediction: what will happen if we reduce our opening hours by 10%?

Definition of population and variables You need to clearly define the study population and any variables the understanding of which may vary from one person to another. To find out the monthly number of loans of users of the library. VariablesStudy population Number of loansA renewal is a new loan?UsersWho are «users»?

Types of variables Independent: the cause supposed to be responsible for bringing about changes in a phenomenon or situation. It has an impact on the dependent variable, so a change in the independent variable affects the dependent variable. Dependent: the outcome or changes brought about by the change of an independent variable. It is the factor that alters as a result of changes to the independent variable. However, any change in the dependent variable does not affect the independent variable. Perturbing: other factors operating in the situation that may influence the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables. If these factors are not measured in the study, they may increase or decrease the magnitude or strength of the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables.

Correlation does NOT imply causation

Causation

Conditions for causation Correlation: a relationship between two variables such that changes in one variable are associated with changes in the other. Time order: the cause precedes the effect in time. Nonspuriosness: the effect cannot be explained in terms of some third variable. Spurious relationships are coincidental statistical correlations between two variables caused by some third variable.

Literature review

A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Your purpose is to summarize to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic. The review should synthesize what is and is not known, identify areas of controversy in the literature and formulate questions that need further research. Sometimes you will write a literature review as a separate assignment, but sometimes it is part of the introduction to an essay or research report. A literature review is not a list describing one piece of literature after another. It's usually a bad sign to see every paragraph beginning with the name of a researcher. Instead, organize the literature review into sections that present themes. You are not trying to list all the material published, but to synthesize and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of your research question.

Structure of a literature review 1.Introduction 2.Body 3.Conclusions 4.References

Literature review’s introduction What are the review’s limits? Topics, timespan, geographic, languages, etc. What sources have been employed to search the literature? Databases, journals, libraries, etc. How is the review organized? Chronologically, thematically, methodologically, etc.

Literature review’s body Select: do not try to enumerate everything that has been published on a topic. Evaluate it critically bearing in mind that not everything is equally important. Summarise results and organize them. Allow your own ideas to emerge.

Literature review’s conclusion Define key concepts. What are the key points of consensus and disagreement? –What is already known (contrast)? –What is not known yet (hypothesis, gaps)? Who are the main authors, main sources (journals, books, websites, etc.) and most usual methods?