Animal Organization and Homeostasis Chapter 33 Animal Organization and Homeostasis

33.1 Types of Tissues A tissue is composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function four main types: epithelial tissue: covers and lines connective tissue: binds and supports muscular tissue: contracts (moves) nervous tissue: receives and transmits nerve impulses remember that cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems

33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue covers and lines parts (sheets of cells) tightly packed form a continuous layer attached to basement membrane classified on the basis of: number of layers of cells simple = one layer stratified = multiple layers pseudostratified = one layer with appearance of multiple layers shape of cells cuboidal, columnar, squamous (flat)

33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Nucleus Basement simple epithelia squamous single layer of flat cells lines parts (ex: blood vessels, lungs) exchanges materials Nucleus Basement Membrane

33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Nucleus Lumen simple epithelia, cont. cuboidal cube shaped cells found in glands, lines kidney tubules produce secretions lumen: tube in center where secretions are released Lumen Nucleus

33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Nucleus Basement simple epithelia, cont. columnar single layer of tall cells lines digestive system absorbs food microvilli: folds in the plasma membrane to increase surface area Basement Membrane Nucleus

33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. simple epithelia, cont. pseudostratified found in breathing passages (trachea) has cilia to move mucus to throat (mucus traps foreign particles) Cilia Nucleus Basement Membrane

33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Nucleus Basement stratified epithelia squamous many layers of flat cells outer layer of skin, lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina protects Basement Membrane Nucleus

33.1 Types of Tissues epithelial tissue, cont. Basement Membrane stratified epithelia, cont. columnar many layers of stretchy cells (transition from one shape to another) found in urinary bladder stretches Basement Membrane

33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue most abundant and widely distributed tissue in animals diverse, but three common features: specialized cells (sparse) ground substance: noncellular substance that separates cells protein fibers collagen: flexible and strong reticular fibers: thin, branched collagen fibers elastic fibers: contain elastin; weaker but more elastic than collagen (ground + protein = extracellular matrix)?

33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Fiber Cell Matrix fibrous connective tissue loose fibrous connective tissue (areolar) cells far apart; contains fibroblasts supports epithelium and internal organs allows lungs, arteries, bladder to expand protective covering over muscles, blood vessels, nerves Cell Fiber Matrix

33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Nucleus fibrous connective tissue, cont. adipose tissue energy reservoir (fat) insulates provides cushioning number of adipose cells is fixed Fat Storage Space Nucleus

33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Cell nuclei Fibers fibrous connective tissue, cont. dense fibrous connective tissue contains densely packed collagen fibers contains fibroblasts found in tendons (muscles to bones) found in ligaments (bones to bones) Cell nuclei Fibers

33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Matrix Chondrocyte supportive connective tissue cartilage cells in small chambers called lacunae solid yet flexible support indirect blood supply  slow healing Matrix Chondrocyte

33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. supportive connective tissue, cont. cartilage, cont. hyaline cartilage: most common type; has very fine collagen fibers; nose, ends of long bones and ribs, rings in trachea elastic cartilage: more elastic fibers; outer ear fibrocartilage: strong collagen fibers; pads between vertebrae, knees joint

33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. Matrix Blood vessel bone most rigid connective tissue hard matrix of inorganic salts (esp. calcium salts) deposited around protein fibers (esp. collagen fibers) has blood vessels Matrix Blood vessel

33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. bone, cont. two types: compact bone makes up the shaft of a long bone spongy bone is found at the end of a long bone; has irregularly shaped spaces; lighter than compact bone, but still strong

33.1 Types of Tissues connective tissue, cont. fluid connective tissues blood: “formed elements” and plasma plasma: liquid matrix red blood cells (RBC): more common; carry oxygen; contain hemoglobin white blood cells (WBC): fight disease; usually larger than RBCs platelets: clot blood; fragments of giant cells found only in bone marrow lymph located in lymphatic vessels helps fight infections, transport excess fluids and solutes RBC WBC Plasma Platelet

33.1 Types of Tissues muscular tissue Nucleus Striation composed of cells called muscle fibers, which contain actin and myosin filaments skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle) has many nuclei (due to large size) attached by tendons to bone voluntary: under conscious control striated (striped) in appearance Striation Nucleus

33.1 Types of Tissues muscular tissue, cont. smooth (visceral) muscle no striations involuntary found in digestive system, blood vessels, breathing passages, urinary bladder, uterus Nucleus

33.1 Types of Tissues muscular tissue, cont. cardiac muscle striated involuntary: not under conscious control found in the heart (pumps blood) single, centrally placed nucleus Nucleus Striation

33.1 Types of Tissues nervous tissue

Animal Bioenergetics energy Input (eat) digestion (hydrolysis) absorption catabolism heat ATP ATP used for cellular work, biosynthesis (anabolism)

total amount of energy used (kcal)/time factors that influence: Metabolic Rate total amount of energy used (kcal)/time factors that influence: age, sex, size temperature: body and environment food—quality and quantity activities available oxygen hormone levels time of day

Endotherms generate body heat metabolically birds and mammals require more kcal/day than ectotherms most homeothermic (constant body temp.) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): endotherm’s metabolic rate measure under resting, fasting and stress-free conditions

Ectotherms acquire most of their body heat from environment body temperature and metabolic rate changes with environmental temperature can only determine metabolic rate at a specific temperature (called Standard metabolic rate) uses less energy, can’t be active in cool conditions

Surface Area/Volume as size increases, surface area: volume ratio decreases therefore, metabolic rate decreases with size because heat loss decreases (hummingbirds and shrews) large/complex animals have to have adaptations to increase surface area for absorption of oxygen/food

Functions of the Body Energy and Metabolism Homeostasis digestive system: provides raw materials respiratory system: exchanges gases circulatory system: carries materials to cells Homeostasis urinary system: blood homeostasis thermoregulation: temperature homeostasis immune system: kills things that might prevent homeostasis

Integration and Control Functions of the Body Integration and Control endocrine system: long term with chemicals nervous System: short term with electricity reponses and senses brain: integrates everything Continuity of life reproductive systems development