6. Example: - K40-Ar40 suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - by the way - what type of decay?

6. Example: - K40-Ar40 suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x atoms (Avogadro's number, remember that little chemistry tid-bit?).

6. Example: - K40-Ar40 suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x atoms (Avogadro's number, remember that little chemistry tid-bit?). So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 )

6. Example: - K40-Ar40 suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x atoms (Avogadro's number, remember that little chemistry tid-bit?). So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 ) So, divide 3.0 x by 1.3 x 10 9 = 2.3 X atoms/year.

6. Example: - K40-Ar40 suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x atoms (Avogadro's number, remember that little chemistry tid-bit?). So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 ) So, divide 3.0 x by 1.3 x 10 9 = 2.3 X atoms/year. Then, divide 2.3 x by 365 (3.65 x 10 2 ) days per year = 0.62 x per day ( shift decimal = 6.2 x )

6. Example: - K40-Ar40 suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x atoms (Avogadro's number, remember that little chemistry tid-bit?). So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 ) So, divide 3.0 x by 1.3 x 10 9 = 2.3 X atoms/year. Then, divide 2.3 x by 365 (3.65 x 10 2 ) days per year = 0.62 x per day ( shift decimal = 6.2 x ) Then, divide 6.2 x by 24*60*60 = 86,400 seconds/day: (= 8.64 x 10 4 ) = 0.7 x 10 7 atoms/second

6. Example: - K40-Ar40 suppose 1/2 of total is Ar40 = 1.3by (Now, you may be thinking, "be real"! How can we measure something that is this slow?) - Well, 40 grams of Potassium (K) contains: 6.0 x atoms (Avogadro's number, remember that little chemistry tid-bit?). So, For 1/2 of them to change, that would be: 3.0 x atoms in 1.3 billion years (1.3 x 10 9 ) So, divide 3.0 x by 1.3 x 10 9 = 2.3 X atoms/year. Then, divide 2.3 x by 365 (3.65 x 10 2 ) days per year = 0.62 x per day ( shift decimal = 6.2 x ) Then, divide 6.2 x by 24*60*60 = 86,400 seconds/day: (= 8.64 x 10 4 ) = 0.7 x 10 7 atoms/second 0.7 x 10 7 = 7 x 10 6 = 7 million atoms changing from Potassium to Argon every second!!! (and the energy given off is measurable...)

Post Darwinian Developments II. Geology A. The Age of the Earth B. The Dynamic Earth

Post Darwinian Developments II. Geology A. The Age of the Earth B. The Dynamic Earth - why do coastlines fit?

Post Darwinian Developments II. Geology A. The Age of the Earth B. The Dynamic Earth 1. why do coastlines fit? Von Humboldt - intervening land sank (Atlantis?) or flood excavated it Pellegrini-Snider - outpouring of material at time of flood caused rifting and pushed continents apart to form the Atlantic.

Post Darwinian Developments II. Geology A. The Age of the Earth B. The Dynamic Earth 2. Disjunct Distributions? - southern beech - marsupial fauna

Post Darwinian Developments II. Geology A. The Age of the Earth B. The Dynamic Earth 3. How do mountains form? 's - Suess - "Contraction Hypothesis" - Interior of Kelvin's earth cools - condenses - contraction caused certain areas to collapse and subside to form oceans. Left continents (mountains) standing high - earth wrinkles like a prune

Post Darwinian Developments II. Geology A. The Age of the Earth B. The Dynamic Earth 3. How do mountains form? 's - Suess - "Contraction Hypothesis" - Interior of Kelvin's earth cools - condenses - contraction caused certain areas to collapse and subside to form oceans. Left continents (mountains) standing high - earth wrinkles like a prune 's - Hall - "Geosyncline Hypothesis" - Lateral pressure from oceanic crusts pushes mountains up... - but what causes the "push"?

Post Darwinian Developments II. Geology A. The Age of the Earth B. The Dynamic Earth 4. Continental Drift Alfred Wegener

- Not accepted until the 1960’s and 1970’s, when sea floor spreading was observed, sonar was used to map the ocean, and paleomagnetism demonstrated where continents had been in the past relative to magnetic north.

- North and South Atlantic and Indian Ocean Basins.

Post Darwinian Developments III. Paleontology A. Intermediate Fossils

Ichthyostega FISH AMPHIBIANS XXX - Fins and gill covers (FISH) - Feet (AMPHIBIANS) - After fish, before amphibians (just where evolution predicts it should be)

Archeopteryx REPTILES BIRDS XXX - Fingers, teeth, tail (Reptiles) -Feathers (birds) - After reptiles, before birds (just where evolution predicts it should be)

Therapsids REPTILES MAMMALS XXX - Mammalian skeleton - Intermediate ear - scales - After reptiles, before mammals (just where evolution predicts it should be)

Mammals from the Jurassic (185 mya) Pelycosaur Reptiles of the Carboniferous (300 mya) Therapsids from the Permian (280 mya) to the Triassic (200mya)

Australopithecines Australopithecus afarensis

Teeth

Legs

Skulls

Australopithecines APES HUMANS XXX - After apes, before humans (just where evolution predicts it should be) - bipedal (human trait) - chimp-sized cranial volume

Post Darwinian Developments III. Paleontology A. Intermediate Fossils - A test of Four Hypotheses using Fossils

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? 1. Four Alternate Hypotheses A.B. C.D. A B C D A B C D A B C DA B C D E A B C D E F F A B C DE FE F G H G

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? A. 2. Testing Hypotheses in an experiment: - if ‘A’ is true, then we should see the same species in all layers of the fossil record. A B C D

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? B. 2. Testing Hypotheses in an experiment: - if ‘B’ is true, then we should see different species in the layers of the fossil record, but no intermediates. A B C D A B C D E F E F

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? C. 2. Testing Hypotheses in an experiment: - if ‘C’ is true, then we should see different species in the layers of the fossil record, intermediates (E  A) but no shared intermediates (linking A and B). A B C D E F G H

Question 1: There are many kinds of life forms (species) on Earth. Where do species come from? D. 2. Testing Hypotheses in an experiment: - if ‘D’ is true, then we should see different species in the layers of the fossil record, and shared intermediates (linking A and B). A B C D E F G

- RESULTS: Data from the physical world: * Fossils differ from species alive today (refutes ‘A’)

- RESULTS: Data from the physical world: * There are sequences of intermediate fossils (refutes ‘B’)

Ichthyostega FISH AMPHIBIANS XXX - Fins and gill covers (FISH) - Feet (AMPHIBIANS) - After fish, before amphibians (just where evolution predicts it should be) - RESULTS: Data from the physical world: * There are “linking species” – (refutes ‘C’)

Conclusion: Hypotheses A, B, and C are refuted by physical evidence, and hypothesis D is supported. This is the Theory of Evolution by Common Ancestry A.B. C.D. A B C D A B C D A B C DA B C D E A B C D E F F A B C DE FE F G H G