EXPLORING MARRIAGES AND FAMILY, 2 ND EDITION Karen Seccombe © 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 8 Thinking about Parenthood

Population and Fertility Trends Worldwide Fertility and Mortality Rates: The Keys to Understanding Population Growth –Fertility Rate: A measure reported as Average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime Number of children born per 1,000 women ages (some other countries use 49 as the cut-off age); or Number of children born per 1,000 population Mortality Rate: A measure of the number of deaths in a population © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fertility in the United States Pronatalism –Pronatalism: A cultural value that encourages childbearing Historical Fluctuation © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.1 Fertility Rates per 1,000 Women Ages 15-44, © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.2 Fertility Rates by Race and Ethnicity, 2012 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fertility in the United States Delayed Parenthood –Is more than just a biological phenomenon –Reasons for later parenthood are often social in nature © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Costs and Rewards of Raising Children Economic and Opportunity Costs –Direct Financial Costs: Out-of-pocket expenses for things such as food, clothing, housing, and education –Opportunity Costs: Lost opportunities for income by working only part-time or not at all because of children The Rewards of Parenting © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.3 Expenditure Shares on a Child from Birth through Age 17 as a Percentage of Total Child Rearing Expenditures, 2012 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.4 Percentage of Women Age Who Do Not Have Children, © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Remaining Childfree Infertility: The inability to conceive a child Medical Treatment –Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): All fertility treatments in which both egg or sperm are handled © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 8.1 Pregnancy Success Rates © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Remaining Childfree –Surrogacy: The act of giving birth to a child for another person or a couple who then adopts or takes legal custody of the child –Traditional Surrogacy: A type of surrogacy where the man’s sperm is implanted in the surrogate through artificial insemination © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Remaining Childfree –Gestational Surrogacy: A type of surrogacy where the intended mother’s egg is combined with the man’s sperm and implanted in the surrogate through in vitro fertilization –The Hidden Emotions of Infertility © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Remaining Childfree Voluntarily Childfree –The decision to not have children is usually not made only once, but many times, as people undergo a process of deciding about children © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Interconnection of Micro and Macro: Childbirth Childbirth throughout History: Towards Medicalization –Medicalization of Childbirth: The belief that childbirth is a medical event in need of drugs and technological intervention © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Interconnection of Micro and Macro: Childbirth Childbirth Today: A More Natural Approach or Not? –Birth Centers: Freestanding facilities (usually with close access to, but not affiliated with, a hospital) where childbirth is approached as a normal healthy process © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other Paths to Parenthood: Adoption Closed and Open Adoptions –Closed Adoption: An adoption where identifying information is sealed and unavailable to all parties –Open Adoption: A type of adoption that involves direct contact between the biological and adoptive parents © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 8.2 Number of Positive and Negative Points Made about Adoption, by Type of Work © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other Paths to Parenthood: Adoption Public and Private Adoptions –Public Adoption: An adoption that occurs through licensed public agencies –Private Adoption: An adoption arranged directly between adoptive parents an the biological birth mother, usually with the assistance of an attorney © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other Paths to Parenthood: Adoption Transracial Adoptions Single-Parent Adoptions Adoptions by Gays and Lesbians International Adoptions © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.5 Trends in International Adoption, © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Transition to Parenthood Why Is the Transition So Challenging? Sex Differences in the Transition to Parenthood © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Transition to Parenthood What Can Help the Transition to Parenthood? –Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA): An act that requires employers with more than 50 employees to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave to eligible employees (both men and women) to care for themselves or their immediate families with specified medical conditions. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 8.3 Time Spent in the Parenting of Infants under Age 1 Year (in hours and minutes) © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.