CLASS 12bLECTIO XIII GRAMMATICA, REDDITA

Gerunds and Gerundives Gerunds a verbal noun, often the same as an English language noun ending in –ing, but can usually be translate with the infinitive the gerund is used often in Medieval Latin, commonly after the preposition ad to express purpose ad levandum redditusto collect the rent The gerund is declined in the four oblique cases of the neuter singular laudandiducendisequendiaudiendiof praising laudandoducendosequendoaudiendofor leading laudandumducendumsequendumaudiendumfollowing laudandoducendosequendoaudiendoby hearing studium vivendi cum amicisfondness for living with friends Operam dat vivendo benehe gives attention to living well

Gerundives Verbal adjective ending in –ndus, -nda, -ndum etc. Oblique neuter singular forms are identical to the gerund … confirmavi preditum croftum habendum er tenendum Alicie I have confirmed the aforementioned croft to be had and to be held to Alice

Pronouns Personal ego, mei, michi, me, me tue, tui, tibi, te, te nos, nostri, nobis, nos, nobis vos, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis Demonstrative is, eius, ei, eum, eo -- ei, eorum, eis, eos, eis ea, eius, ei, eam, ea -- eae, earum, eis, eas, eis id, eius, ei, id, eo -- ea, eis, eis, ea, eis

Irregular Verbs Verbs that are formed from more than one stem and whose tenses differ in form from regular conjugations sum, possum Deponent Verbs Verbs are generally passive in form but active in meaning testor, testatus

Adverbs Mostly formed from adjectives add –e to the stemlatus to late add –iter to the stemlaudabilis to laudabiliter

THIRD CONJUGATION VERBS Translate: –J–Juratores dicunt quod omnia bene How is the imperfect formed? How is the future formed? How is the perfect formed?

FOURTH CONJUGATION VERBS The present stem ends in what? Otherwise they are similar in form to verbs of which conjugation? Translate: –E–Et super hoc venit predictus Johannes in eamdem curiam et cepit de domino predicta crofta tenenda sibi et heredibus suis

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE HOW IS IT FORMED? HOW DO YOU FIND THE PERFECT STEM OF A VERB?

INFINITIVE FORMS OF VERBS HOW DO YOU FORM THE PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE? HOW DO YOU FORM THE PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE? HOW DO YOU FORM THE FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE?

MORE ABOUT VERBS WHAT IS THE ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION? WHAT ARE MOODS IN LATIN? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES?

Review Medieval spelling changes (p. x) aetoe oetoe h toch ti toci ct tocc ctos sc toss ob toop

1 st Conjugation Present Active Indicative present stem + personal endings ara + -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus aroaramus arasaratis aratarant

1 st Declension Nouns Nomregin-aregine Genregin-eregin-arum Datregin-eregin-is Accregin-amregin-as Ablregin-aregin-is

2 nd Declension Masculine Nouns Nomdomin-usdomin-i Gendomin-idomin-orum Datdomin-odomin-is Accdomin-umdomin-os Abldomin-odomin-is

2 nd Declension Neuter Nouns Nomprat-umprat-a Genprat-iprat-orum Datprat-oprat-is Accprat-umprat-a Ablprat-oprat-is

4 th Declension Feminine Nouns Nomman-usman-us Genman-usman-uum Datman-uiman-ibus Accman-umman-us Ablman-uman-ibus

5 th Declension Feminine Nouns Nomr-esr-es Genr-eir-erum Datr-eir-ebus Accr-emr-es Ablr-er-ebus

5 th Declension Masculine Nouns Nomdi-esdi-es Gendi-eidi-erum Datdi-eidi-ebus Accdi-emdi-es Abldi-edi-ebus

Adjectives Must agree with noun they modify in case, number, and gender Adjective are of two paradigms; first and second declension third declension

1 st and 2 nd Declension Adjectives Masc.Fem.Neuter Nombonusbonabonum Genboniboneboni Datbonobonebono Accbonumbonambonum Ablbonobonabono Nombonibonebona Genbonorumbonarumbonorum Datbonisbonisbonis Accbonosbonasbonos Ablbonisbonisbonis

2 nd Conjugation Present Active Indicative present stem + personal endings tene + -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt e.g. teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus teneotenemus tenestenetis tenettenent

1 st Conjugation Perfect Active Indicative perfect stem + personal endings arav + -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus araviaravimus aravistiaraistis aravitaraverunt

2 nd Conjugation Perfect Active Indicative perfect stem + personal endings tenu + -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt e.g. teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus tenuitenuimus tenuistitenuistis tenuittenuerunt

1 st & 2 nd Conjugation Future Active Indicative present stem + tense sign + personal endings ara + bi + -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus araboarabimus arabisarabitis arabitarabunt

1 st – 4 th Conjugation Imperfect Active Indicative present stem + tense sign + personal endings ara + ba + -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus arabamarabamus arabasarabatis arabatarabant

3 rd Declension Masculine & Feminine Nouns masc.fem. Nomrexreg-eshereshered-es Genreg-isreg-umhered-ishered-um Datreg-ireg-ibushered-ihered-ibus Accreg-emreg-eshered-emhered-es Ablreg-ereg-ibushered-ehered-ibus

3 rd Declension Neuter Nouns neuter Nomnomennomin-a Gennomin-isnomen-um Datnomin-inomin-ibus Accnomennomin-a Ablnomin-enomin-ibus

3 rd Declension Adjectives Masc.Fem.Neuter Nomomnisomnisomne Genomnisomnisomnis Datomniomniomni Accomnemomnemomne Ablomniomniomni Nomomnesomnesomnia Genomniumomniumomnium Datomnibusomnibusomnibus Accomnesomnesomnes Ablomnibusomnibusomnibus

Present Active Participles present stem + ns (nom. sing.), ntis (gen. sing.) ara + ns, ara + ntis e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus Declined as third declension adjective nomaransarantes genarantisarantium datarantiarantibus accarantemarantes ablarantiarantibus

Perfect Passive Participle 4 th princilpe part aratus, -a, -um e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus Declined as 1 st and 2 nd declension adjectives

Future Participle 4 th principle part aratus, -a, -um change –s to –rus, -ra, -rum araturus, -a, -um Declined as 1 st and 2 nd declension adjectives

Ablative Absolute an ablative construction independent of the grammar fidelitate facta Johannes admissus est tenens

3 rd Conjugation Perfect Active Indicative perfect stem + personal endings dix + -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt e.g. dico, dicere, dixi, dictus dixidiximus dixistidixistis dixitdixerunt

Future Perfect Active Indicative perfect stem + personal endings tenu + -ero, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint e.g. teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus tenuerotenuerimus tenueristenueritis tenuerittenuerint

Active Infinitive Present = 2 nd principle part aro, arare, aravi, aratus perfect = perfect stem = isse arav + issearavisse future = future participle + esse aratu + rus + essearaturus esse

Passive Infinitive Present = 2 nd principle part, change –re to –ri arari 3 rd conjugation, -i, e.g. tegere to tegi perfect = 4 th principle part + esse aratus esse future = 4 th principle part (n.) + iri aratum iri