FQ: What were the human rights violations during the Holocaust? Do Now Critical Thinking Why do people build memorials? Agenda  ( 10 min ) Do Now  (20 min) Notes: Holocaust  (30 min) Class Activity: Personal ID cards and analysis

Introduction  As part of their vision for Europe, the Nazis proposed a new racial order.  They proclaimed that the Germanic peoples, or Aryans, were a “master race.”  The Nazis claimed that all non-Aryan peoples, particularly Jewish people, were inferior.  This racist message would eventually lead to the Holocaust, the systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judged inferior by the Nazis.

Labeling the Jews:Labeling the Jews:  As defined by the Nuremberg laws in 1935, a Jew was a person - regardless of religious affiliation or self-identification - who had at least three Jewish grandparents, who had been enrolled with a Jewish congregation. A person with one or two Jewish grandparents was also legally "Jewish" if they met any of these conditions:Nuremberg lawsJew  Were enrolled as member of a Jewish congregation when the Nuremberg Laws were issued, or joined later  Were married to a Jew  Were the issue from a marriage with a Jew, which was concluded after the ban on mixed marriagesmixed marriages  Were the issue of an extramarital relationship with a Jew, born out of wedlock after July 31, 1936.

The Holocaust BeginsThe Holocaust Begins  Hitler knowingly tapped into a hatred for Jews that had deep roots in European history.  Jews as scapegoats for  personal failures.  Germany’s defeat in World War I  Targeting Jews government policy  1935 Nuremberg Laws made it illegal to marry a Jew. Other laws limited the work of Jews.

“Night of Broken Glass”“Night of Broken Glass”  On November 7, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan (pictured) a Jewish youth from Germany, shot a German diplomat living in Paris to avenge his father’s deportation to Poland.  November 9, 1938: In retaliation Nazi leaders in Germany launched a violent attack on the Jewish community on November 9, This attack was carried out by the SA (storm troopers) and SS, who attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues. This night was called Kristallnacht.

Burning Synagogue on Kristallnacht

This picture is typical of the smashed windows of Jewish businesses on Kristallnacht.

A Flood of RefugeesA Flood of Refugees  By the end of 1939, a number of German Jews had fled to other countries.  At first, Hitler favored emigration as a solution to what he called “the Jewish problem.”  After admitting tens of thousands of Jewish refugees, France, Britain, and the United States abruptly closed their doors to further immigration.

Isolating the JewsIsolating the Jews  Hitler then ordered Jews in all countries under his control to be moved to designated cities called ghettos.  Hitler hopes that Jews in ghettos will die of disease, starvation  Despite bad conditions, Jews survive in these areas

The “Final Solution”The “Final Solution”  Hitler’s plan called the “ Final Solution ” was a genocide plan to systematically kill an entire people.  Hitler wanted to purify the “Aryan” race.  He tried to eliminate other groups he viewed as “subhuman.”  Roma (gypsies), Poles, Russians  the insane  the disabled  the incurably ill

The Killings BeginThe Killings Begin  As the Nazis moved across Europe the SS killing squads rounded up men, women, children, and even babies and shot them in pits where they were buried.  Other Jews were rounded up and herded into concentration camps where they were slave labor.  Inmates would work seven days a week for the SS or for German businesses. Food consisted of thin soup, scraps of bread, and potato peelings. Most inmates lost 50 lbs quickly.

The Final StageThe Final Stage  In 1942 the Germans built huge exterminations camps equipped with gas chambers that could kill as many as 6,000 people in a day.  Committees of Nazi doctors separated the strong (mostly men) from the weak (women, children, and elderly). The weak went to their deaths in the gas chambers usually that day.

A warehouse full of shoes and clothing confiscated from the prisoners and deportees gassed upon their arrival. The Nazis shipped these goods to Germany.

A mass grave in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

The Final StageThe Final Stage  Some Jews were helped by non-Jews who risked there lives, hid Jews in their homes. One such family included Anne Frank. Her diary documented her time hiding in an attic away from the Germans.  In the end her family is captured and she dies in a concentration camp

Jews Killed Under Nazi Rule*Jews Killed Under Nazi Rule* Original Jewish Population Jews Killed Percent Surviving Poland3,300,0002,800,00015% Soviet Union (area occupied by Germans) 2,100,0001,500,00029% Hungary404,000200,00049% Romania850,000425,00050% Germany/Austria270,000210,00022% *EstimatesSource: Hannah Vogt, The Burden of Guilt

A Total of 6,000,000 Jews Percentage of Jews killed in each country

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials  Nuremberg Trials— During , an International Military Tribunal representing 23 nations put Nazi war criminals on trial in Nuremberg, Germany.  Trials of 22 Nazi leaders for war crimes  They were charged with waging a war on aggression. They were also accused of committing “crimes against humanities”- the murder of 11 million people.  Some Nazi leaders are executed for their actions while others face life in prison. Most of the top Nazi leaders including Adolf Hitler had already committed suicide long before the trial.

Thematic Essay: Human Rights Violation  Pre-Write  Theme: Human Rights Violations  The human rights of many groups have been violated at different times in various nations and regions. Efforts by governments, groups, and individuals to resolve these human rights violations have met with mixed results.

Thematic Essay: Human Rights Violation  Pre-Write  Theme: Human Rights Violations  The human rights of many groups have been violated at different times in various nations and regions. Efforts by governments, groups, and individuals to resolve these human rights violations have met with mixed results.

Thematic Essay: Human Rights Violation  Pre-Write  Task:  Select two groups who have experienced human rights violations in a specific nation or region and for each  Describe one historical circumstance that led to a human rights violation in the nation or region  Describe one example of a human rights violation in that nation or region  Discuss the extent to which a government, a group, or an individual made an attempt to resolve this human rights violation

Pre-Write  Paragraph #1- Introduction  P #2- Indigenous people in LA- DESCRIBE historical circumstance that lead to the human rights violation of European on Incas  P #3- Indigenous people in LA- DECRIBE example of Human rights violation (Incas)  P #4- Indigenous people in LA- DISCUSS- extent a government or a group made an attempt to resolve this human rights violation  P #5- Jews-DESCRIBE historical circumstance that lead to the human rights violation of Germans towards Jews in Europe  P #6-Jews-DECRIBE example of Human rights violation  P #7-Jews-DISCUSS- extent a government or a group made an attempt to resolve this human rights violation  P #8- Conclusion

Class Activity: ID CardsClass Activity: ID Cards  Read your unique personal ID card. This is the history of a person who lived through the Holocaust. Using your personal ID cards answer the following questions.  Select one of the ID Cards on the table to read  Answer the following questions on the worksheet based on your ID card.  Share your ID cards with your table  Discussion Topic: What are the human right violation people faced during the holocaust?