The Industrial Revolution Section 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution Section 2: The Factory System Section 3: New Methods and Business Organizations Section 4: Living and Working Conditions Section 5: Socialism

Origins of the Industrial Revolution  Objectives:  Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.  Describe how inventions in the textile industry led to other new inventions.  Analyze the effects that developments in transportation and communication had on the spread of the Industrial Revolution.  Video Video

The Agricultural Revolution  Enclosure movement  Smaller landholdings combined into more efficient, larger holdings  Fewer subsistence farmers  Farmers who farm only what they need to sustain life  More commercial farming took place Farming to make a profit  New farming methods  Bronze and iron tools  Seed drill – planted seeds in straight rows (Jethro Tull)  Advancement of plow  Crop rotation  A few field would be left unfarmed for a year to let them regain nutrients (video)video

Factors of Production  Land  All natural resources  Capital  Money  Tools  Machinery  Equipment  Inventory  Labor  Migration into cities  Population growth  Video Video

The Textile Industry  New inventions  Mechanization  Most early machines were water powered  Effects of mechanization  Supply increased  Prices decreased  Demand increased

Steam Engines, Iron, and Steel  Iron and steel  Mechanization meant that more iron was needed  Henry Bessemer – came up with more efficient and better way to make steel Pump air into pig iron when it was smelted

Other Industrialization  Production of:  Shoes  Clothing  Ammunition  Furniture  Printing, papermaking, lumber, and food processing all came about in mass quantities during this period  Vulcanization  Basis of modern rubber industry

Transportation  Steam engine  Locomotive  Steamboat  Robert Fulton was the first build a successful steamboat  Video Video

The Communications Revolution  Scientific research  Battery  First built by Alessandro Volta  Batteries are measured in volts  Electricity  Thomas Edison  Telegraph  Samuel Morse

The Spread of Industry  Cotton gin  Eli Whitney  Separated cotton from seeds  Mechanical reaper  Harvested the fields  Canals and railroads  Improved transportation and movement of people  Steel industry  Needed for everything else to improve

The Factory System  Objectives:  Explain how the increased use of machinery affected workers and working conditions.  Identify the differences between the middle class and the working class.  Analyze how the lives of women changed during the Industrial Revolution.

How Machines Affected Work  Mechanization made jobs simpler and less skilled  Allowed people to master a few simple tasks instead of entire process  Video Video

The Wage System  Costs of production  Overhead  Materials  Employee pay  Labor supply  Available workers  Wages for other work  Contract work not done in-house  Gender  Higher wages for men  Considered superior

The Lives of Factory Workers  Many rules to follow  Cold and damp in winter, steamy in summer  Frequent accidents  Shabby, cramped apartment buildings

Development of the Middle Class  Industries and cities grew  Well-educated middle class thrived  Families could rise in social (class) standing  Final break from class system and feudalism

Effect of Industrialization on Women’s Lives  Women began working outside the home  Women gained independence  In America – 19 th amendment  Women’s suffrage

New Methods and Business Organizations  Objectives:  Explain how and why the methods of production changed during the Industrial Revolution.  Identify what caused corporations to emerge and the effects they had on business.  Define the business cycle and explain how it affected society.

Capitalism and Changing Production Methods  Division of labor and interchangeable parts  Unskilled labor lowered cost of production  Interchangeable parts allowed speedy and inexpensive repairs (video)video  The assembly line – mass production

Rise of the Corporation  Sold stocks in companies to raise money to run and expand business  J.P. Morgan was one of the first corporations  Steel  Monopoly  One corporation had almost complete control over production or sale of a single good or service  Cartels  Business combinations to control every stage of an entire industry

Business Cycles  Alternating periods of prosperity and decline  One aspect of business often affects others  When business declines this is called a depression

Living and Working Conditions  Objectives:  Identify Adam Smith’s ideas and explain how they affected people’s views of industrialization.  Explain the causes of reform movements.  Analyze how workers tried to improve their lives.

Economic Theories  Laws of economics  Law of supply and demand  When a product is high demand prices go up  The opposite happens when there is a surplus A surplus is when there is too much of one product  Ideal point is called a equilibrium point  Law of competition  Competition drives prices down  Malthus and Ricardo  Believed that human misery and poverty are inevitable  Laissez-faire  No government regulation of business

Reformers Arise  Humanitarians  Work to improve conditions of others  Utilitarianism  Greatest happiness for greatest number of people  John Stuart Mill  Government should work for good of all its citizens

Early Reform Laws  Factory Act  Improved work conditions for children  Established child labor laws

Collective Action  Strikes  Workers protest by refusing to work  Unions  Workers’ associations to bargain on workers’ behalf

Socialism  Objectives:  Describe the type of society that early socialists wanted to establish.  Explain how Robert Owen put his socialist beliefs into action.  Explain what Karl Marx believed would happen to the capitalist world of the 1880s.  Identify some of the competing ideas that arose out of Marxism.

Socialism  Utopian socialists  Believed people could live peacefully with each other and work for the common good  Robert Owen  “villages of cooperation”  Built homes and schools for workers

The Theories of Karl Marx  Believed production would stop without workers  Along with Frederick Engles he wrote Communist Manifesto  Said that government should own everything and people should all be equal  Started a movement that would change history of the world

Variations of Socialism  Communism  Classless society  Common ownership  Government provides for people  Command economy  Democratic socialism  Socialist philosophy of government where people still elect leaders