Ecology: Ecological Interactions David Mellor, PhD Citizen Science Coordinator Virginia Master Naturalists.

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Presentation transcript:

Ecology: Ecological Interactions David Mellor, PhD Citizen Science Coordinator Virginia Master Naturalists

Overview of Ecology Definition and Scope Energy and Food Webs Nutrient Cycles Population Dynamics Ecological Interactions Community Structure Ecosystem Services Human Impacts

Ecological Interactions

Interactions When two organisms interact, each can either benefit (+), be harmed (-), or have no effect (o)

Interactions Interactions can occur between many different groups: Members of the same species Members of different species

Interactions +/+Mutualism -/-Competition +/-Predation, parasitism +/oCommensalism -/oAmensalism o/oNeutral

Mutualism +/+

Competition -/- Species can compete for any resource: – Food – Space/shelter – Water – Limiting nutrients

Competition -/- Within species Between species

Predation & Parasitism +/-

Commensalism +/o

Amensalism -/o

Indirect Interactions (trophic cascades) © 2010 Nature Education

Species Interactions Worksheet How would you show, experimentally, that two species interact? In other words, how do we know that species X and species Y compete with each other?

Interaction Experiments

Responses to Predation Animals – Aposematic Coloration – Camouflage and Countershading – Mimicry Plants – Secondary Compounds – Morphology – Mutualisms – Below-ground storage

Animal Coloration Mimicry Camouflage Countershading Aposematic: Warning Coloration

Plant Responses Morphological Secondary Compounds