Feb. 3, 2016 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN THE WEST. 7 TH -CENTURY EXPANSION WESTWARDS.

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Presentation transcript:

Feb. 3, 2016 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN THE WEST

7 TH -CENTURY EXPANSION WESTWARDS

MUSLIMS IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE  Tariq ibn Ziyad crosses Gibraltar in 711  Visigoths of Spain  720: Muslim conquest of Narbonne  732: battle of Tours and Poitiers  : Berber revolts

MUSLIM CONQUEST OF SICILY (8 TH AND 9 TH C.)  Sustained pressure from North Africa (660s-740s)  Arab conquest of Sicily  Battle of Mazara (827)  Capital: Palermo  Transplantation of crops

THE CORDOBA UMAYYADS ( )  Est. by `Abd al- Rahman (756-88)  Cordoba as capital  Old-school Arabs vs. newcomers?

THE FRONTIER ZONE IN SPAIN  Muslim = south Christian= north  Christian Principalities  The Marches  Upper (Zaragoza)  Middle (Toledo)  Lower (Merida)

UMAYYAD SPAIN AT ITS HEIGHT ( )  `Abd al-Rahman III  Use of mercenaries (saqaliba)  Military expansion over Marches  Assumes title of caliph

JEWS, MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS IN SPAIN  Division along socio- economic lines?  Convivencia  Rise of Jews in Cordoba  Emergence of the mozarab (musta`ribun)

CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CORDOBA UMAYYADS  Religious and legal sciences Ibn Hazm (d. 1064) The Ring of the Dove (1022)  Literature  Art and architecture  Great mosque of Cordoba ( )  Madina al-zahra (936)

THE PARTY KINGS ( )  Collapse of the Umayyads  Rise of local governors in Marches  30 separate states (ta’ifas)  Berbers, Saqaliba, Andalusians  Reconquista  Led by King Alfsonso VI  El Cid = Christian hero?