HEARING 3 4. SOUND SOUND: PITCH Sound travels 343 m per second (1,125 ft/s) High Pitch Low Pitch 1 Sec 1 Hertz (Hz) = Number of Waves that Pass a Point.

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Presentation transcript:

HEARING 3 4

SOUND

SOUND: PITCH Sound travels 343 m per second (1,125 ft/s) High Pitch Low Pitch 1 Sec 1 Hertz (Hz) = Number of Waves that Pass a Point in 1 sec

SOUND: HEARING RANGE Human Hearing Range: __________ : ___________ (16Hz)

SOUND: VOLUME Low Volume High Volume ‘Hoo Hoo’

Fig. 1-5 in Podulka et al External Ear: Auricular Feathers and Ear Opening

12 Ear Opening 5

Fig in Podulka et al Three Regions of Ear: (External Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear)

External Ear: Tympanic Membrane

Fig. 7-4 in Gill 2007 Middle Ear: Columella Humans

Middle Ear: Eustachian Tube (= Auditory Tube)

Inner Ear: Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular Canals (Vestibular Window = Oval Window; Cochlear Window = Round Window) Fig in Podulka et al. 2004

Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth, Membranous Labyrinth (Perilymph, Endolymph)

Fig in Podulka et al Cochlea: Vestibular Canal, Tympanic Canal, Cochlear Duct

Cochlear Duct: Tectorial Membrane, Basilar Papilla, Hair Cells

Sound Perception: Pitch Fig in Podulka et al. 2004

Sound Perception: Loudness Fig in Podulka et al. 2007

Cochlea: Cochlear Window (= Round Window)

Fig in Podulka et al Hearing: Transmission to Brain Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Proctor and Lynch 1993, p. 243

Hearing Ability: Frequency Humans: (16) 20 – 20,000 vibrations per sec (Hertz) Birds: 40 – 29,000 vibrations per sec (Hertz) (Typically, 1,000 – 5,000 Hertz)

Hearing Ability: Frequency X Intensity Fig. 7-5 in Gill 2007

Echolocation

Hearing Ability: Echolocation Edible-Nest Swiftlets Oilbirds 2-10 kH

Pinpointing Sound Location Fig. 7-6 in Gill 2007 Fig in Podulka et al. 2004

Avian Hearing OUTER EAR Auricular Feathers Ear Opening Tympanic Membrane MIDDLE EAR Columella Eustachian Tube INNER EAR Vestibular Window (Oval Window) Semicircular Canals Vestibule Cochlea Bony Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth Perilymph Endolymph Vestibular Canal Tympanic Canal Cochlear Duct Tectorial Membrane Basilar Papillae Hair Cells Cochlear Window (Round Window) Vestibulocochlear Nerve SOUND Pitch Wavelength Frequency Amplitude Hertz Ultrasound Infrasound

1011 EQUILIBRIUM

Equilibrium: Gravity (Vestibule, Utriculus, Sacculus, Statoconia, Gelatinous Material, Hair Cells) Fig in Podulka et al. 2004

Equilibrium: Movement (Semicircular Canals, Ampulla, Gelatinous Material, Hair Cells)

Avian Equilibrium GRAVITY PERCEPTION Vestibule Utriculus Sacculus Statoconia Gelatinous Material Hair Cells MOVEMENT PERCEPTION Semicircular Canals Ampulla Gelatinous Material Hair Cells

Olfaction (Smell)

Leach’s Storm Petrel Fulmar Olfaction (Smell)

Leach’s Storm Petrel Olfaction (Smell)

Crested Auklet

Olfaction: Olfactory Epithelium

Fig in Podulka et al Range of Olfactory Bulb Size

Taste

TASTE Fig in Podulka et al. 2004

MECHANORECEPTION (TOUCH)

Skin Nerve Endings

MECHANORECEPTION (TOUCH) 15 Nerve Endings (“Corpuscles”)

Mechanoreception: Herbst Corpuscles Fig. 7-7 in Gill 2007

Blackbird/behavi19.jpg

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