Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles

Eukaryotic Cells FDivided Into Plant Cells & Animal Cells FBoth of these have Organelles: structures that enable the cell to live, grow, and reproduce.

A Plant Cell Plant Cell Organelles Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Large Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts & Other Plastids Golgi Apparatus (Complex)

Animal Cell Organelles: Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Small Vacuoles Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus (Complex) Lysosomes An Animal Cell

Organelles FWhat’s holding it all together? FCell Wall FFound in plant and algae cells FMade of cellulose FProvides strength and support FHelps plants protect themselves from too much water entering or leaving the cell FHas a defined shape (Box- like)

Organelles ALL cells are covered by a cell membrane.  Its job is to :  keep the cytoplasm in  allow waste out and nutrients in  interact with other cells.  Made of phospholipid bilayer.  Hydrophobic: hate water (tails)  Hydrophilic: loves water (heads) What’s Holding It All Together? Cell Membrane

How particles move FThe cell may take large particle FInto the cell (Endocytosis) FPhagocytosis: Cell eating FPinocytosis: Cell drinking FOut of the cell through (Exocytosis)

Organelles FCell’s Information Station: Nucleus FLargest and most visible organelle in euK cell FMeans “kernel” or “nut” FStores DNA that has information for making proteins.

Nucleolus  Makes Ribosomes  Small, round structure located inside the Nucleus Nuclear Membrane (Envelope)  Controls what is allowed to enter or leave the nucleus  Thin membrane that surrounds & takes the shape of the nucleus.

Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nuclear Membrane

Protein Factory FRibosomes: FSmallest, but most abundant organelle in the cell FPresent in all cells FDo not have a membrane covering FServe as the protein building location

Cytolpasm  Present in all cells  Thick, clear, jelly-like fluid  Carries, holds, cushions, & helps protect other organelles inside a cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum FDoes not have ribosomes, appears as a smooth maze FMakes lipids for use in/out side the cell. FBreak down drugs and other chemicals that could damage the cell FInternet resources FBiologyabout.com

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum FHas ribosomes, appears “bumpy” FHelps make membranes & other antibodies such as insulin FLocated close to the nucleus FInternet resources (Biologyabout.com)

Cell’s Power Plant FMitochondria: FBreaks down food molecules into ATP for energy FRod-Shaped, & Surrounded by two membranes: the inner membrane has folds where most of ATP is made FNeed oxygen to work FActive cells like those in the liver and heart have thousands of them

Cell’s Power Plant FChloroplasts: FFound in plant and algae cells FMake food (sugar) from sunlight FHave flattened membrane covered sacs that look like coins that contain chlorophyll which makes chloroplast green FChlorophyll traps sunlight to make sugar through photosynthesis

Other Common Plastids FChloroplasts: the most commonly known of the Plastids—Green in color FChromoplasts: Allow storage of pigments that give plants colors other than green—red, orange, etc. FLeucoplasts: Store starches & lipids, give plants a white color

Endosymbiotic theory FWhere did they come from? FScientist believe that mitochondria and chloroplast began as proK and were eaten by larger cells. FEvidence that supports this theory: FThey are about the same size as bacteria FThey are surrounded by two membranes

Cell’s Packaging Center FGolgi Complex: FLooks like flattened sacs & tubes, similar to the ER but closer to the cell membrane FTakes in proteins & other materials from the ER, packages them in vesicles, then sends them to other parts of the cell or to other cells FFinal products are enclosed in Golgi membrane and then pinched off for transport in vesicles.

Golgi Complex

Cell’s Storage Centers FEuK have membrane covered sacs called vesicles. FForm either when… FPart of membrane pinches of ER or Golgi Complex FCell membrane engulf something from outside the cell.

Cell’s Storage Centers FMost plant cells have a large membrane covered chamber called a vacuole. FIt is used to store water, food, or other material needed by the cell. Also holds waste until it can be removed by the cell. FAnimal cells also have smaller vacuoles that serve the same purpose

Waste Management FLysosome FBump into vesicles and secrete enzyme to digest them. FDestroy damaged organelles and get rid of waste FProtects cell from foreign particles that enter the cell by destroying them FSometimes lysosome membranes break and the enzymes kill the cell. FTadpole-frog FHuman webbed fingers.