SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q1) Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells below. List at least three things they have in common, and at least two ways they are different.

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells below. Q1 Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells below.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q2) Which theory is depicted in the diagram below?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q2) Which theory is depicted in the diagram below? Endosymbiotic Theory

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q3) What are the two main functions of the cell membrane?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q3) 1.Provide the cell with structure and support 2. Control what materials enter and leave the cell (selectively permeable) What are the two main functions of the cell membrane?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q4) Define homeostasis?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q4) Define homeostasis? process of maintaining a stable internal environment *all living things do this

HIGH to LOW HIGH to LOW HIGH to LOW Low to High DIFFUSION OSMOSIS FACILITATED DIFFUSION ACTIVE TRANSPORT HIGH to LOW HIGH to LOW HIGH to LOW Low to High No energy No energy No energy Needs ENERGY Large Particles through a PROTEIN PURPLE Large Particles through a PROTEIN PURPLE REQUIRES ATP! Particle movement RED Water movement BLUE

SEMSTER EXAM REVIEW – (SOOOOOOOO…….what is happening)?

SEEMSTER EXAM REVIEW – (what is happening)? *This is Facilitated Diffusion

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q6)…about 4 questions on the final

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q6)

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q6)

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q6)

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q6)

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q6) – 4 questions

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q7) Describe the process shown in the picture below, using the terms monomer and polymer:

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW (Q7) Describe the process shown in the picture below, using the terms monomer and polymer: Monomers combining to form a polymer

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q8 Circle the word that correctly completes each sentence about enzymes below: Enzymes are biological (catalysts / depressants). Enzymes fit with (one / more than one) type of substrate. Enzymes work best under (specific / any) conditions.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q8

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q8

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q8

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q9 Label a nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate on the DNA molecule below:

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q9 Label a nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate on the DNA molecule below:

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q8 Label a nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate on the DNA molecule below:

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q9 Label a nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate on the DNA molecule below:

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q10 A portion of one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence shown below. Assuming there are no mutations, what is the corresponding DNA base pair sequence?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q10 A portion of one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence shown below. Assuming there are no mutations, what is the corresponding DNA base pair sequence?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q11 Which components of DNA are referred to as the genetic code? (hint: what part of the DNA molecule is different from one organism to another?)

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q11 Which components of DNA are referred to as the genetic code? (hint: what part of the DNA molecule is different from one organism to another?) Nitrogenous bases (A’s, T’s, C’s, G’s)

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q12 Define semi-conservative replication:

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q12 Define semi-conservative replication: Each half of the original DNA molecule is joined with a new complementary DNA strand.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q13

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q13

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q14 In 1952 Rosalind Franklin took the X-ray photograph shown below, which gave the world its first look at DNA. By studying this photograph, scientists gained what knowledge?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q14 In 1952 Rosalind Franklin took the X- ray photograph shown below, which gave the world its first look at DNA. By studying this photograph, scientists gained what knowledge? double-helix STRUCTURE of DNA

TO DO IT.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q16 A boy inherits genes that would ordinarily allow him to be tall as an adult. However, his growth is stunted as a result of poor nutrition. Explain why this is an example of environmental influence on gene expression and NOT expression of a hidden gene.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q16 A boy inherits genes that would ordinarily allow him to be tall as an adult. However, his growth is stunted as a result of poor nutrition. Explain why this is an example of environmental influence on gene expression and NOT expression of a hidden gene. environmental influence on gene expression

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q17 Sickle-shaped red blood cells result from a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin. This mutation results in sickle-cell anemia. A partial sequence of bases from a normal hemoglobin gene and a sequence that results in sickle-cell anemia are shown below. Circle the difference in the two sequences above. What type of mutation is shown, and how do you know?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q17 Sickle-shaped red blood cells result from a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin. This mutation results in sickle-cell anemia. A partial sequence of bases from a normal hemoglobin gene and a sequence that results in sickle-cell anemia are shown below. Circle the difference in the two sequences above. What type of mutation is shown, and how do you know?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q18 How does the DNA code get from the nucleus to the ribosome? (hint: which molecule carries it?)

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q18 How does the DNA code get from the nucleus to the ribosome? (hint: which molecule carries it?) mRNA = code = info….carried by messenger.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q19 Cell differentiation is the process of a stem cell changing into a specialized cell. What can influence how a cell differentiates? What characteristics of a cell would NOT affect how a it differentiates?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q19 Cell differentiation is the process of a stem cell changing into a specialized cell. What can influence how a cell differentiates? What characteristics of a cell would NOT affect how a it differentiates? CELL SIZE

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q20 List the four phases of mitosis and give a three-word description of each:

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q20 List the four phases of mitosis and give a three- word description of each: Prophase = chromosomes become visible Metaphase = chromosomes meet in middle Anaphase = chromosomes move away Telophase = 2 new nuclei form

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q21 . A major component of atherosclerosis is the excessive reproduction of smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels. Certain drugs may have the potential to reverse or prevent the unregulated reproduction of the diseased blood vessel cells. If atherosclerosis is similar to cancer (unregulated cell division), what cell process would need to be controlled to prevent this disease?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q21 . A major component of atherosclerosis is the excessive reproduction of smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels. Certain drugs may have the potential to reverse or prevent the unregulated reproduction of the diseased blood vessel cells. If atherosclerosis is similar to cancer (unregulated cell division), what cell process would need to be controlled to prevent this disease? Meds would need to stop cell division

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q21

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q22 Describe the activity of a cell during interphase:

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q22 Describe the activity of a cell during interphase: The cell grows and replicates its DNA. (G1, S, G2)

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q23 Crossing over between chromatids during meiosis is significant in heredity. This process most likely leads to an increase in what?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q23 Crossing over between chromatids during meiosis is significant in heredity. This process most likely leads to an increase in what? genetic variation (variety)

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q25

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q25

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q26 The image below represents the processes that a cell goes through during mitosis. The parent cell will divide, creating two daughter cells. A student wishes to create a model of the mitotic process within a cell. How many chromosomes should the daughter cells in the model contain? Explain your answer.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q26 The image below represents the processes that a cell goes through during mitosis. The parent cell will divide, creating two daughter cells. A student wishes to create a model of the mitotic process within a cell. How many chromosomes should the daughter cells in the model contain? Explain your answer. Mitosis produces IDENTICAL copies of the parent cell. So each new cell will have the exact same number of chromosomes as the original.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q27 Human body cells each have 46 chromosomes in their nuclei. Meiosis is necessary in order to ensure that each gamete produced in the human body has how many chromosomes? Explain your answer.  

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q27 Human body cells each have 46 chromosomes in their nuclei. Meiosis is necessary in order to ensure that each gamete produced in the human body has how many chromosomes? Explain your answer. 23 (half of what you started with) since each gamete (sperm or egg gets 23). Babies get half their DNA rom mom and half from Dad……  

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q28 Which disorder is shown in the karyotype?

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q28 Which disorder is shown in the karyotype? Trisomy 21

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q29 Cross a blood type O mother and a type AB father. List all the possible genotypes.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q29 Cross a blood type O mother and a type AB father. List all the possible genotypes.

SEMESTER EXAM FINAL REVIEW Q30 In pea plants, tall stems (T) are dominant to short stems (t), and yellow peas (Y) are dominant to green peas (y). Complete a Punnett square to show the genotypes of the offspring of a a TTYy x Ttyy cross