Diluting a solution Amount of moles of solute before dilution Amount of moles of solute after dilution = c D V D = c C V C Practice problems: p. 321 # p. 326 # 18, 19

Solubility Rules Song (by C. Watt) The thing about solubility that is great, It will always dissolve if it is a nitrate. Something else that is helpful for you and I It will be soluble if it is ammonium or an alkali. When I think about chlorides, bromides, and iodides, it hurts my head Because they are soluble, except with silver, mercury and lead It gets a lot harder, with sulfates, its true It ’ s soluble, except with calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and lead, which all have a charge of plus two. Now there had to be the insolubles, they cannot hide Except with cations from #2, carbonate, phosphate, and hydroxide.

Using solubility rules to … 1. Predict whether a salt is soluble or insoluble. 2. Predict the formation of a precipitate. 3. Write the net ionic equation

Ionic Dissociation Definition: dissolving of ionic substances in which ions separate from each other and the crystal Examples: NaCl (s)  Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (s)  2Na + (aq) + SO 4 2- (aq) (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 (s)  3NH 4 + (aq) + PO 4 3- (aq)

Solution Stoichiometry 1. Write a balanced chemical equation. 2. Determine the number of moles of the reactants. You will need to use: c=n/V and n=m/M 3. Determine the limiting reagent. 4. Use the limiting number of moles in a ratio to find unknowns. 5. Convert back from moles to mass

PropertyAcidsBases Tastesourbitter Electrical Conductivity Conducts electricity Feel of solution No characteristic feel Feel slippery Reaction with litmus paper Turn litmus paper red Turn litmus paper blue Reaction with active metals Produce hydrogen gas Do not react Reaction with carbonates Produce CO 2 Do not react

Arrhenius vs Bronsted-Lowry Arrhenius Acid Any substance that dissociates to form H+ in aqueous solution Base Any substance that dissociates to form 0H- in aqueous solution Bronsted-Lowry Acid Any substance that provides a proton to another substance Base Any substance that receives a proton from an acid

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs HBr(aq) + H 2 0(l) -> H (aq) + Br - (aq) Acid – gives up a proton (H) {HBr(aq) } Base – accepts a proton (H){H 2 0(l) } Conjugate base – particle that has lost the proton. {Br - (aq)} Conjugate acid – particle that has gained a proton {H (aq) }

Calculating pH pH = -log[H 3 O + ]

Neutralization Reactions 1. Reaction between an acid and a base produces an ionic compound (a salt) and water acid + base -> a salt + water 2. Reaction between an acid and a carbonate produces an ionic compound, water and carbon dioxide Acid + carbonate -> carbon dioxide + water + ionic salt

Calculations involving neutralization reactions 1. Write the balanced equation. 2. Calculate the number of moles of given acid or base. 3. Determine the number of moles of acid or base needed. (use mole ratio if necessary). 4. Calculate the final concentration of the required acid or base.