Parliament in the 14 th Cent.: Pecunia Nervus Belli Early Developments Henry III – Threats to the King Precedents Edward I – Needs of War Model Parliament Institutionalization of Parliament Edward II – Grievances & Taxation Self-Consciousness Deposition of a King Edward III – “Modern” Features Impact of War Two Groups Duties & Influence Richard II – Constitutional Conflict Extreme Measures Deposition of a King Personal Relationship Combative or Collaborative Houses of Parliament, 19 th cent.

Early Developments Earliest Iterations Anglo-Saxon Witan Norman Curia Regis Body of Advisors to the King Henry III (r ) Rocky Relations with Nobility (£) 1258: Oxford Parliament (Provisions) 1265: de Montfort’s Parliament 2 Knights of the Shire 2 Burgesses of the Towns “Community of the Realm”/ “Commons” Precedents: Power & Communitas Money the Foundation of Conflict A-S King with the Witan

Edwardian Development Edward I (r ) Strong Character; Wars vs. Welsh, Scots 1295: The “Model” Parliament Scottish Rebellion; ‘96 Invasion Echoed Montfort’s Ideas High Nobility and Clergy Knights and Burgesses Unicameral Body Est. Pattern of Petitions Before Taxes 1297: Need for War Finance Confirmed Magna Carta Agreement on Consent of Community for New Taxation Policies Parliament Primarily Lay; Convocation Magna Carta, 1297

The Institutionalization of Parliament Edward II (r ) By 1320s Parliament Summoned Nearly Every Year Airing of Grievances Granting of Taxes Parliamentary Identity/Consciousness Commons: Gentry & Urban Leaders Powers of Purse & Petition Body: Influence Royal Advisors (e.g. Gaveston, Despenser) To Depose a King (Abdicate, Resign) 1327: Articles of Deposition (6) Evil Council, Corruption Gentry, Merchants, & Clergy

Parliaments of Edward III (r ) Popularity of the King Lessons from His Father; Cooperative Early Conflict with France, ‘38 –> Impact of War: Massive Funding 1341: Two Groups, “Bicameral” Upper, Lower Chambers Advisors Accountable to Parliament Duties & Character at mid-Century Commons: “Representatives”; Bills Lords: “Peers of the Realm”; Power Check 1370s: Growth of Opposition to War, Taxation 1376: “Good Parliament”; 2+ Years Peter de la Ware; Reform vs. Ministers Impeachment of Lord William Latimer House of Commons (Modern)

Constitutional Conflict under Richard II Richard II (r ) Extreme Measures 1386: “Wonderful” Parliament Impeachment of Favorites 1388: “Merciless” Parliament Lords Appellant in Charge Execution of Advisors (Treason) 1399: Royal Extortion & Fines Seizure of Gaunt’s Lands Bolingbroke’s Allies Parliament’s Deposition (Richard II’s Abdication) Personal Relationship b/w King & Parlia. Combative if Arbitrary Cooperative if Just Richard II, Westminster Abbey