1-1 What Is Science? Slide 1 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist: The Scientific Method -is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. Scientist use the scientific method to search for cause and effects relationships in nature.

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 2 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Make an observation Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 3 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Step 1: Making an observation: the act of studying objects or events using your senses Being a good observer is the most important aspect of being a good scientist: Two types of observations can be made during the scientific process: 1. Qualitative observations 2. Quantitative observations

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 4 of 21 Qualitative observations: Root word? Quality Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Qualitative observations are: -descriptive -describe the quality of an object -involve characteristics that can’t easily be measured. -Obtained by using your senses. -Examples: color, texture, smell

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 5 of 21 Quantitative observations: Root word? Quantity Quantitiative observations are: expressed with numbers obtained by counting or measuring. Example: mass, volume, temperature, length Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 6 of 21 Apples: Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Quantitative observations: Qualitative observations:

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 7 of 21 Many observations lead to questions. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 8 of 21 Step 1: Observation of a problem/Ask a question Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Example: Today all is well. Tomorrow you come into class and our fish is dead. Our question? Why did the fish died?

Slide 9 of 21 Step 2: Many observations lead to questions. Do some additional background research on your subject. What do we know about fish???? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 10 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Explaining and Interpreting Evidence Step 3: Form a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It must be testable. - know an “Educated Guess” Why? -educated because it is based on prior knowledge or you did some background research on the fish. -a guess because it can be proven true or false.

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 11 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Explaining and Interpreting Evidence The best method of forming a hypothesis: - must be proposed in a way that can be tested. -it must be in the form of a statement -it can not be in the form of a question Best if you use a: -If…………then……….. statement

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 12 of 21 Form a hypothesis as to why our fish died: Examples of a well formed hypothesis for our fish scenario: If……………………. then……………… Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 13 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Step 4: Scientist then set up and perform controlled experiments. -An experiment is a set of planned steps used to test a hypothesis -A controlled experiment test one factor at a time. It is made up of: 1. One Control group 2. One or more Experimental group

Slide 14 of 21 The one control group Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall One or more Experimental group: The experimental groups are the same as the control group, except for the one factor, the experimental variable is altered in each experimental group The variable is the factor that is being tested by the experiment. Gets not experimental treatement. It is set up as close to normal conditions as possible/serves as a standard of comparison.

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 15 of 21 Parts of an experiment: Constants: Variable: Control group: Experimental group(s): Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Factors that are the same in all groups The factor that is being tested in the experiment The setup that is as close to normal conditions as possible is the same as the control group, except for the one factor or variable that is being tested.

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 16 of 21 -If more than one variable is tested it would be very difficult to determine why the results occurred. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall -Scientist must control the conditions and variables of their experiments to get useful data. Why:

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 17 of 21 Our thoughts: The fish died because the temperature of the water was too hot. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Our hypothesis: If the water was too hot then the fish would have died.

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 18 of 21 Our controlled experiment will have four set ups 1 Control group (as close to normal conditions as possible for a goldfish) and 3 Experimental groups (each identical to the control setup except for the one variable that is being tested). Our experimental variable will be temperature. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 19 of 21 Our Control setup: As close to normal conditions as possible; room temp (22 degrees Celsius), 1 of the same type of plants 3 gallons purified water, 50 grams of stones 3 fish (same age and type),.5 grams of food each day, 14 hours of light, pH of 7 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 20 of 21 Our three Experimental Setups: tank 1tank 2 tank 3 12 degrees 32 degrees 42 degrees In each tank: 3 gal purified water, 50 grams of stones 3 fish (same age and type),.5 grams of food each day, 14 hours of light, pH of 7 and 1 of the same type of plants Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What is the only difference between the 3 groups? Our experimental variable is TEMPERATURE

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 21 of 21 If all the fish in experimental tank two and three died, what conclusion might you draw? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Our control group: Our three Experimental Setups: tank 1 tank 2 tank 3 22 degrees 12 degrees 32 degrees 42 degrees In each tank: 3 gal purified water, 50 grams of stones 3 fish (same age and type),.5 grams of food each day, 14 hours of light, pH of 7,2 of the same type of plants

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 22 of 21 Step 5: Scientist collect data, analyze results and form a conclusion: Scientist usually perform their experiments many times to be sure they get similar answers every time. What is data? is information collected during an experiment. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12 degrees22 degrees32 degrees42 degrees Fish 1 Slow moving Slow respiration rate 10 breaths/min Faster moving Faster respiration rate 32 breaths/min Died after 30 min Died after 1 min Fish 2 Slow moving Slow respiration rate 12 breaths /min Faster moving Faster respiration rate 40 breaths/min Died after 45 min Died after 3 min Fish 3 Slow moving Slow respiration rate 15 breathes / min Faster moving Faster respiration rate 35 breaths /min Died after 22 min Died after 2 min.

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 23 of 21 Scientist will make both quantitative and qualitative observations during an experiment. Which type do you think are more useful in science?? -Quantitative observations hold more weight -not based on a person’s senses -based on measurements -in science all quantitative data is collected using the International System of Measurement or using SI units Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 24 of 21 Length: Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall SI base unit/label = meter Instrument or tool used to measure length? metric ruler or meter stick Divisions of a meter = dm, cm, mm Multiples of a meter = Km, Hm, Dm distance between 2 points

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 25 of 21 Mass The amount of matter in an object. SI unit/label: -grams (Kg, Hg, Dg, g, dg, cg, mg) Instrument or tool to used to determine mass? -Balance Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 26 of 21 Mass is different than weight. -Mass is a constant value, it is not influenced by the pull of gravity. -Weight is based upon the pull of gravity. The pull of gravity varies based on an objects distance from the center of the Earth.. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 27 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea level Mass: 68 Kg Weight: 150 pounds Top of mountain Mass: 68 Kg Weight: 147 pounds

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 28 of 21 Temperature: absence or presence of heat Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall SI base unit/label = degrees Celsius Instrument/tool used to measure: Thermometer Therm = heat

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 29 of 21 Let’s do a comparison Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall CELSIUS VS FAHRENHEIT WATER BOILS BODY TEMP ROOM TEMP WATER FREEZES ° C x 9/ = °F (°F - 32) x 5/9 = °C

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 30 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 31 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Volume: -How much space an object occupies. -Two types of volume: Liquid and solid Liquid volume: SI base unit/label = liter (Kl, Hl, Dl, l, dl, cl, ml)

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 32 of 21 Instrument used to measure liquid volume? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Graduated Cylinder FlaskBeaker

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 33 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 34 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Solid Volume: Amount of space an object occupies. Length x Width x Height SI label: m3 or cm3

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 35 of 21 Not all solids have a regular shape!! Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sometimes the length, width and height can not be determined Regularly shaped Irregularly shaped

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 36 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Solid volume of a irregular shaped object Use water displacement to determine volume

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 37 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Water Displacement Record volume of water in graduated cylinder. 7ml Add object Record volume of water after object is added. 9ml The difference is the volume of the object 2ml Change unit to cm3 Answer: 2 cm3

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 38 of 21 Once the observations are made and data is collected the scientist must analyze the results and draw their conclusions Two conclusions can be made: Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 39 of 21 Hypothesis is not supported….go back to step 3. (form a new hypothesis and experiment more) If the hypothesis was supported ……proceed to step 6 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 40 of 21 Step 6: Scientist must replicate their work and truthfully share their work and results by publishing/reporting their results. -scientist must publish his/her results and procedures so others can replicate it. -other scientist will perform the experiment to insure the results are correct. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 41 of 21 Scientific understanding is always changing. Good scientists are skeptics who question both existing ideas and new hypotheses. Therefore, nothing in science is absolute. -constantly be updated -things are constantly improving Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 42 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Example: What is this?

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 43 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hypothesis: Educated guess / a proposed testable explanation of an event. Scientific Law: Describes what happens ScientificTheory: Explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation Examples: Cell theory, Theory of Evolution, Plate Tectonic Theory

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 44 of 21 Your boss thinks that a special juice will increase the rate in which his employees work. -He creates two groups of 50 workers. -Each group is given the same task to perform. -The task given to the workers is to staple a sets of papers. -Group A is given the 50 ml of a special juice to drink while they work. -Group B is not given the special juice, they are given 50 ml of water to drink.. -After an hour, your boss counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. -Group A made 1,587 stacks -Group B made 2,113 stacks Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

1-1 What Is Science? Slide 45 of 21 Homer Simpson notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. -Homer decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower with 10 ml of coconut juice. -He sprays the other half of the shower with 10 ml of water. -After 3 days of "treatment" there is no change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall