Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Chapter 13 Section 1 Presidential Reconstruction

The Civil War left the South in ruins I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. The Civil War left the South in ruins Reconstruction (1865-1877) – the federal government’s controversial effort to repair the damage to the South and to restore Southern States to the Union – spanned four American Presidents

I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. The War’s Aftermath 1. Physical Toll – railroads, bridges, farms, factories, ports 2. Human Toll a. North lost 364,ooo b. South lost 260,000

I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. The War’s Aftermath 2. Human Toll c. Southern Hardships 1. Black Southerners – as slaves had food and shelter, however inadequate – as freedmen they were homeless and hungry 2. Plantation Owners – lost labor, lost plantations, worthless Confederate money 3. Poor White Southerners – could no longer find work because of competition from freedmen

II. Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson. Lincoln’s Plan 1. It offered a pardon – an official forgiveness of a crime – to any Confederate who would take an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept the federal policy on slavery 2. Lincoln set a tone of forgiveness 3. Congress saw Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan as a threat to congressional authority 4. Radical Republicans viewed Lincoln as too lenient 5. Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865

II. Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson. Johnson’s Plan 1. Andrew Johnson – a former slave owner – supported by poor white Southerners 2. Pardoned Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union 3. Each state to hold a constitutional convention 4. States required to void succession, abolish slavery, ratify the Thirteenth (13th) Amendment 5. States to hold elections and resume participation 6. Johnson was more generous to the South than Lincoln 7. Johnson freely gave pardons to Southern officials

Freedom of Movement Freedom to Own Land III. Explain how newly freed slaves began to rebuild their lives and how the federal government helped them. Freedom of Movement Freedom to Own Land 1. True freedom would come only with economic independence 2. Newly freed African Americans urged the federal government to redistribute Southern land 3. Proposals to give white-owned land to freedmen got little political support

1. The most visible new black organizations in the South were churches III. Explain how newly freed slaves began to rebuild their lives and how the federal government helped them. Freedom to Worship 1. The most visible new black organizations in the South were churches Freedom to Learn The Freedmen’s Bureau 1. Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help black Southerners adjust to freedom 2. First major federal relief agency in United States history

Chapter 13 Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction

I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and Fourteenth (14th) Amendment. 1. Black Codes – restricted the rights of freedmen in the South a. Curfews – sunset b. Vagrancy Laws – not working c. Labor Contracts – signed for a year’s worth of work d. Limits on Women’s Rights – forced to do farm labor e. Land Restrictions – forced to live in rural areas - plantations

I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and Fourteenth (14th) Amendment. 2. Under Johnson’s Reconstruction plan, white Southerners began to enact laws that gave whites power over African Americans 3. Enraged Northern Republicans in Congress blamed President Johnson for Southern Democrats’ return to power

Fourteenth (14th) Amendment I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and Fourteenth (14th) Amendment. Fourteenth (14th) Amendment 1. Congress used one of its greatest tools: the power to amend the Constitution 2. 1866 – Congress passed a Civil Rights Act 3. Fourteenth (14th) Amendment a. Part of a series of laws that ensured the Civil Rights of African Americans b. Guaranteed that all people born or naturalized in the United States were citizens and that no state could restrict their rights

Radical Reconstruction II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment. Radical Reconstruction 1. Radical – extreme position 2. Moderate – someone who supports the mainstream views of the party 3. Civil Rights – citizens’ personal liberties guaranteed by law – voting rights and equal treatment

Radical Reconstruction II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment. Radical Reconstruction 4. Strict Laws Imposed a. Reconstruction Act of 1867 1. Put the South under military rule 2. New elections / new state constitutions 3. All qualified male voters allowed to vote including African American males 4. Ratify the Fourteenth (14th) Amendment

Radical Reconstruction II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment. Radical Reconstruction 5. Congress and the President a. When Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act, he was impeached by the House of Representatives b. Impeach – charge a government official with wrongdoing c. Johnson Impeached 1. Johnson’s firing of Sec. of War Stanton 2. “high crimes and misdemeanors” 3. Senate voted, Johnson was NOT removed from office

Radical Reconstruction II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment. Radical Reconstruction 6. Ulysses S. Grant is Elected a. Johnson finished his term without a mandate and no support from his party b. Johnson returned to Tennessee and regained his Senate seat as a Democrat c. Republican Ulysses S. Grant won the Election of 1868

The Fifteenth (15th) Amendment II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment. The Fifteenth (15th) Amendment 1. Freedmen demanded citizenship rights to: vote, hold public office, serve on juries, and to testify in court 2. Fifteenth (15th) Amendment a. Guaranteed African Americans the right to vote - race, color, or previous condition of servitude b. In 1870, thanks to the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment, southern black men voted for the first time

III. Analyze conditions in the South under Republican government. The Republican South 1. Carpetbaggers – northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South – rushed to profit from southern misery 2. Scalawags – “scrawny cattle” – white southern Republicans – former Whigs who had opposed secession

Chapter 13 Section 3 Birth of the “New South”

I. Summarize the post Civil War changes in southern agriculture. Changing in Farming 1. WANTED: Workers 2. Sharecropping – keeping part of the crop in return for labor – worked under supervision 3. Tenant Farming – paying to rent land – chose what to plant and when to work 4. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers did not own the land they farmed

I. Summarize the post Civil War changes in southern agriculture. Effects on the South 1. Changes in the labor force 2. Emphasis on cash crops – new farming arrangements led to a focus on cash crops – cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane – not food crops 3. Cycle of Debt a. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 tried to help Southerners by offering low-cost land 4. Rise of Merchants a. Tenant farming encouraged the rise of a new class of wealthy merchants

Cities and Industry – “New South” II. Explain the achievements and limitations of urban and industrial growth in the South. Cities and Industry – “New South” 1. The Growth of Cities a. Reconstruction succeeded in rebuilding many of the South’s railroads 2. Limits of Industrial Growth a. Most of the South’s postwar industrial growth came from cotton mills b. Big profits went to northern companies that sold the finished product

III. List the beneficial and the harmful ways in which Reconstruction funds were used. Raising Money 1. Infrastructure – includes roads, bridges, and telegraph lines 2. One example of the wise use of Reconstruction funds was investing in tax payer supported public education 3. Much of the money for improving infrastructure and education in the South came from taxes on individuals

Chapter 13 Section 4 The End of Reconstruction

I. Assess the impact of racial terrorism on the South. Spreading Terror 1. The main goal of the Ku Klux Klan’s terror was to drive the Republicans out of the South 2. The Federal Response a. Congress reacted to Klan terror by passing the Enforcement Act of 1870 1. Banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting because of their race

II. Explain why the Reconstruction period came to an end. Reconstruction Ends 1. Legislatures taxed and spent heavily 2. Reconstruction came to symbolize corruption, greed, and poor government 3. Solid South – new bloc of Democrats – reversed many reforms of the Reconstruction legislatures

II. Explain why the Reconstruction period came to an end. The Compromise of 1877 1. The Compromise of 1877 helped Democrats regain control of southern politics 2. Democrats agreed to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to be given the victory in the Presidential Election of 1876 3. In return, Hayes agreed to remove the remaining federal troops from southern states

Successes of Reconstruction III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction. Successes of Reconstruction 1. Restoring the Union and helping to repair the war-torn South 2. Stimulated economic growth 3. 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments 4. Freedmen’s Bureau established 5. Southern states adopted the northern states system of mandatory, tax-supported education

Failures of Reconstruction III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction. Failures of Reconstruction 1. The inability to move black Southerners out of poverty 2. Ku Klux Klan and other terrorism 3. Racist attitudes 4. Greed and corruption

Civil Rights Battles Continue III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction. Civil Rights Battles Continue 1. During the Era of Reconstruction, women fought unsuccessfully for voting rights