Lec 10 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Dr;Basim Rassam Al-Madena copy1

Upper GIT Bleeding G.I.T bleeding acute,chronic;upper,lower;active,non- active. Some Definitions Upper GIT Bleeding;refers to bleeding from esophagus,stomach,duodenum(to ligament of trietz);variceal,non- variceal. Haematemesis; Malaena Haematochezia Occult Blood coffee-ground;brown fleckes vomitus. Al-Madena copy2

Causes of Upper GIT Bleeding ( 1) Chronic PU. 60% (2) Acute PU, Multiple erosions. 26% (3) Miscellaneous. 14% 1- Esophageal varices or Gastric varices. 4%-10%. 2- Mallory-Weiss Syndrome. 4% 3- Tumours. 0.5% (Gastric, Esophageal) 4- Dieulafoy’s vascular malformation. 0.5% 5- PU in Meckel’s diverticulum. 6- Aorto-Enteric fistula. 7- Haematobilia. 8- Bleeding Tendency. 9- Nosebleeds or Nasopharyngeal bleeding. 10- Hiatus Hernia with severe Reflux Esophagitis. Al-Madena copy3

Clinical Presentation of patients with upper GIT bleeding (1) Haematemesis and/or Malaena. (2) Fainting attacks, sweating, pallor and collapse. (3) Anaemia. (4) Epigastric pain. (5) Fresh bleeding per Rectum. (6) Hepatic Encephalopathy.. (7)did non-bloody emesis proceed bloody emesis. Al-Madena copy4

Questions to be asked in the History of patients with upper GIT bleeding 1- Color and consistency of the vomitus. 2- Color and consistency of the stool. 3- Did it start as malaena and then became bright red blood per- rectum? 4- Frequency of the Malaena and/or Haematemesis. 5- History of medications. 6- History of alcoholism. 7- History of PU. 8- Initial vomitus was bloodless but subsequently the vomiting was with pain and blood. 9- Heartburn and epigastric substernal pain. Al-Madena copy5

Signs in physical examination which helps in reaching the cause of Upper GIT Bleeding 1- Presence of spider naevi, palmar erythema, dupuytren’s contracture, caput medusa, ascites, jaundice. 2- Melanin pigmentation of the mucous memebranes of the mouth and anus. 3- Palpable neck mass. 4- Red spots on the lips, tongue and ears. 5- Virchow’s sign. 6- Abdominal auscultation. 7- Petichae, ecchymosis, epistaxis and haematuria. Al-Madena copy6

Investigations in Upper GIT Bleeding (1) CBC and Film. Hb & PCV, WBC count and differential, Platelet count and Blood film. (2) Clotting Studies (PT, PTT, INR, TT). (3) Renal function and electrolytes. (4) Endoscopic examination (OGD). (5) Barium studies (Ba Swallow, Meal and Follow through). (6) Radionuclide Scanning. (7) Angiograhy. Al-Madena copy7

Management of Upper GIT Bleeding (1) Resuscitation. 1- Large bore short length i.v. line. 2- Blood should be aspirated, 3- Blood transfusion. 4- Chart monitoring of the Vital signs and Urinary output. 5- Central venous catheter insertion. 6- Nasogastric tube insertion. 7- Correction of correctable causes. 8- Life saving Manoeuvres. Al-Madena copy8

(2) Medical (Conservative) Treatment. 1- Bed Rest. 2- Blood transfusion. 3- Antiacids. 4- Analgesia. 5- Tranexamic acid (cyclocaprone). 6- diet. 7- Prevention of Pulmonary complications. Al-Madena copy9

(3) Minimal Endoscopic Interventional Techniques. 1- Injection Sclerotherapy (98% Alcohol). 2- Ligation (Banding). 3- Injection of Vasoactive agent (Adrenaline 1:10000). 4- Laser Photo-Coagulation. 5- Electro-Coagulation (Diathermy). Al-Madena copy10

(4) Surgical Intervention. Indications of Surgical intervention in Upper GIT bleeding: 1- Failure of conservative treatment. -Patient requires more than 4-6 pints of blood. -Bleeding recurs. 2- Long standing History of chronic PU disease. 3- At Endoscopy: - Visible artery at the ulcer base. - Spurting artery at the ulcer base. - A large clot over the ulcer crater. 4- Elderly patients (Over 60 years). Al-Madena copy11

Operative Techniques Aim of Surgery: Stop Bleeding. * Bleeding Chronic DU: Under-running the bleeder by suture material followed by Pyloroplasty and/or Truncal Vagotomy. * Bleeding Chronic GU: - Under-running the bleeder by suture material followed by Pyloroplasty and/or Truncal Vagotomy. (in Mild cases) - Partial Gastrectomy followed by a gastrojejunostomy (Billroth 2 procedure). (in severe uncontrolable bleeding) *Bleeding esophageal Varices: -TIPSS(Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting). - Emergency PortoCaval shunt. * Severe Bleeding with no identifiable cause: - Long GastroDuodenotomy. Al-Madena copy12

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