July 19, 2001 Regulations: 1). Please don’t eat in the computer room! 2). Please do listen to teacher’s instruction, don’t surf online until you are told to do so. 3) Please go through some reading sources before you attend the lessons. You should prepare for the lessons.

CausesCauses for the outbreak of World War One!World War One Background: (Map of WWI)(Map of WWI) Detect the changes of European countries in the mid 19thC. Political: 1848 Rev Great Powers Politic1848 RevGreat Powers Politic Economic: Social ：

Time Line: Important terms and concepts

Belligerent Nationalism Definition of Nationalism: the doctrine that holds the state and the nation should be congruent. Legitimate rule is based on the sovereignty of a culturally or historically distinctive people in a polity that expresses and protects those distinctive characteristics. A. Benign v. belligerent nationalisms. Only belligerent nationalisms are a cause of war­a healthy nationalism can help make society function­esprit de corps!

B. Why/When do some nationalisms turn belligerent? 1.) Not "ancient hatreds"­very unsatisfying, everyone has some somewhere. 2.) "Collective fears of the future"--when the state weakens­the security dilemma creeps in, a condition of "emerging anarchy" takes shape, and individuals (especially members of minority groups) begin to fear for their safety. "Fear of the future, lived through the past. "

C. Does Propaganda cause nationalism? 1.) Yes and No: Belligerent Nationalism is caused by propaganda; but conditions must be right. Needed: insecure/illegitimate elites in a weakened state. 2.) Can a free press cure belligerent nationalism? Unfortunately­NO! Often a newly freed press allows belligerent nationalism to thrive and grow!!!!!

2.) Manage the "marketplace of ideas": do not blindly fund the "opposition press" regardless of journalistic quality, but give aid to forums that present varied ideas, not a single line, in a setting that fosters effective interchange of factual accuracy. Support media that strive to attract a politically and ethnically diverse audience, invite the expression of various viewpoints and hold news stories to rigorous standards of objectivity. Do not count on the "invisible hand" of competition to regulate a newly freed press­slowly free presses in new democracies while institutionalizing and professionalizing fora for responsible, accurate debate. Tolerate limits on free speech until open discourse is institutionalized (but work to decentralize regulation of free speech).

Think! What factors causing people eager to fight? Leaders: Economic hardship ： Demands of different classes ： Scientific/industrial dev. ： Ideologies ： demographic factors ： Natural disaster ：

How to rate the importance of Armament race relative to the rise of Industrial RevolutionRevolution? Which countries were conducting armament race? List them now!~ Britain? Germany? Italy? France? v.html

Austro-Italian Naval Race The Dreadnoughts Race

Armament Race Military Strategies Militarism Any difference? Defensive War? Offensive War?

Alliance SystemAlliance System: Founder: Aims: 1) 2) 3) Nature: How many alliance was conducted from 1873 to 1914?

Dual Alliance Triple Alliance Reinsurance Treaty Alliance between Germany and Turkey Franco-Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Triple Entente

Triple Alliance

Triple Entente

List all the colonial rivalries New Imperialism New Imperialism

Think! How far do you agree that alliance system, armament race and New imperialism caused WWI?

International Crisis: 1905 Moroccan Crisis ____vs_____ Moroccan Crisis 1911_____________________________ Bosnia Crisis ______vs_________Bosnia Crisis Balkan Wars ______ vs_____ 年 6 月 28 日 ________________ The Pig Wars

Extreme Nationalism Britain: Germany: Balkan States ： Ottoman Empire ： France ： Austro-Hungarian Empire ： Russia:

Immediate CauseImmediate Cause: Who was responsible to it? Germany? What was the main cause? ultimatum to Serbia! Serbia’s response

Other factors: Use of Propaganda Public Opinion: statesmanship: Scientific innovation:

Nature of WWINature of WWI: Accidental? Silent DictatorshipSilent Dictatorship Inevitable? Defensive War? Democratic War? Well-planned? Miscalculated?

Next topic: Summary Course of the War War PlansWar Plans German declared war on Russia War Settlements