 Write about the scientific revolution and what do you know about it

 New Science: › Schools began to teach and focus on developments of science. › Printing press helped spread the new ideas/ scientific societies published journals. › Rene Descartes: leader of the scientific revolution, led to great advances in mathematics and sciences and philosophy. › Stated all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts › “I think therefore I am”

 New Science: › Francis Bacon: believed that scientific theories could be developed only through observation › Robert Boyle: helped pioneer the modern science of chemistry.

 European Exploration: › Technology:  Traders began to finding new sea routes. Led to settlements and new trade routes, to the East.  Mapmaking improved, Ptolemy’s map used and studied, Asia and African added to maps.  Americas were not yet added.  Navigation: compass, 1100s European navigators had learned they could magnetize an iron needle.

 European Exploration: › Technology  New Ships: before the 1400s sailors would use ships with long oars to drive a galley (long ship)would travel along the shore lines.  1400s Spanish and Portuguese, made improvements to the ships. Longer bigger and moved the steering to the rear of the ship, allowed the ship to sail against the wind.

 Economic Changes: › New and improved ways of doing business › 1400s-1700s known as the Commercial Revolution- new changes on basic economic practices. › Banks added services to meet the needs of expirations. › Coins- worth different amounts, Italian cities were producing coins with fixed values. › Merchants joined together into a new kind of business organization called a joint-stock company.

 Economic Changes: › Joint-stock company: owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company. › Investors who bought the stock became co-owners and shared in the profits. More shares they owned the more of the profits they would receive. › Raised large sums of money from investors to finance explorations. › Monarchs supported exploration and colonization's. › Italians lead the way in the Commercial Revolution, but they didn’t colonize: Portugal, Spain and France built overseas empires.

 Mercantilism: stated that a country’s government should do all it could to increase the country’s wealth, measured by the amount of gold and silver the country possessed.  Build wealth: mine gold and silver either at home or in its colonies.  Or could sell more goods than it bought from foreign countries. Creating a favorable balance of trade.

 Favorable balance of trade: a country received more gold and silver from other nations than it paid to them.  Strengthened the country and weakened its foreign rivals: › Countries would put tariffs: reduce the amount of goods coming into it from other countries, placing tariffs, or import tariffs on these goods. › Importer of a particular good paid the tariff and added the cost to the price of the good, higher price discouraged people from buying it.

 Second: a country could encourage exports › Woolen cloth were more valuable than raw materials, such as wool. › Countries encouraged manufacturing and the export of manufactured goods; provided government subsidies, or grants of money, to help businesspeople start new industries and build ships. › Provided government subsidies- or grants of money, to help businesspeople start new industries and build ships.

 Third: a country could work to gain and control overseas sources of raw materials and precious metals.  Nation that controlled overseas sources of these goods would not need to import them from competing nations.  Goal of winning overseas sources of materials helped fuel the race to gain colonies.

 Portugal’s First Explorers: › Prince Henry: The Navigator, first goal was to find gold for Portugal. › Wanted to find a way to the rich spice trade of the Indies and to spread the Christian faith. › In Africa they began to trade for slaves, gold and ivory. › 1488 Bartolomeu Dias- sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. He found the route to the Indian Ocean.

 Portugal’s First Explorers: › Vasco da Gama- sailed eastward across the Indian Ocean. Landed in India in › Dias and da Gama, overseas trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies was now available. › portugal-became-the-first-global-sea- power/

 Christopher Columbus: › Spain wanted to take part in this wealth of trade and exploration. › Columbus studied the writings of Marco Polo and Ptolemy’s description of a round Earth. › Believed there was a shorter route to Asia. › King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain financed his voyage of exploration. › October 12, 1492 landed on a tiny island he named San Salvador.

 Christopher Columbus: › Columbus believed he discovered, India. Called this area the Indies. (later West Indies) › Columbian Exchange: Products, plants, animals, and even diseases. › American foods, potatoes, tomatoes, beans and corn were introduced in Europe. › Spanish brought horses, and changed the lifestyle of many Native Americans.

 Dividing the New Land: › Issues among land, Pope Alexander VI issued an edict in drew an imaginary line from north to south through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. › Nobody could take land owned by another Christian leader. › The Treaty of Tordesillas was between Spain and Portugal. They moved the line farther west. Pedro Cabral discovered Brazil

 Dividing the New Land: › Amerigo Vespucci- was an Italian navigator between he crossed Atlantic several times as part of Spanish and Portuguese expeditions. › He called it the New World. › 1513 Vasco de Balboa of Spain made an overland crossing of the Isthmus of Panama. His discovery was in fact the New World. › Ferdinand Magellan set sail across the Atlanic Ocean to South America, reach the southern most tip, discovered the Philippines.

 Slave Trade: › Portuguese set up sugar plantations on islands off the coast of Africa. Got slaves off the African main land. › Triangular Trade- merchants shipped, cotton goods, weapons and liquor to African in exchange for slaves or gold. › Secodn stage was called the Middle Passage- was the shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas. Slaves sold for goods products to Europe. › Height of this trade was between the 1700s- 1800s

 Portuguese Empire Weakens: › They didn’t have the financial wealth to support so large an empire. › 1580 Spain annexed Portugal, didn’t regain its independence until 1640 › Only Brazil and Angola survived as major Portuguese colonies.

 1500s Spain most powerful nation, largest empire overseas.  1513 Ponce de Leon sailed northward landed in Florida.  1519 Hernan Cortes invaded Mexico (Yucatan) discovered the Maya and Aztec civilizations  He captured Aztec ruler Moctezuma II  Destroyed Tenochtitlan, build Mexico City.

 Francisco Pizarro- traveled from the Isthmus of Panama to the capital of the Inca Empire. (Peru)  Claimed land from Ecuador- Chile  Later Spain controlled the West Indies, southern and western North America, Central America and much of South America.  These colonial governments that set up overseas had officials called viceroys- represented the monarchy in the colonies and reported to the Council of the Indies in Spain.

 Only Spanish ships could carry gold and silver out of the Americas  Dutch, English, French, wanted in Spain's wealth.

 Was a member of the Habsburgs, took Spanish throne in Also was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor  He had defend Europe from the Ottoman Turks  During his rule, he drained the Spanish treasury.  1556 divided land gave up his throne, to his son Philip II (Spain and its possessions)  Spanish Habsburgs  His brother Ferdinand I was already king of Hungary and Bohemi, became head of the Austrian Habsburgs.

 Philip II had inherited the Netherlands. Calvinism was becoming popular he threatened them and treated the Dutch harshly. And taxed the Dutch heavily, persecuted the Calvinists  Netherlands  William of Orange- led revolt against revolt against Philip.

 The people of the northern provinces lived on land below sea level and used dikes to protect the land. Opened them up when Philip came to attack and flooded his army.  William sent small bands of his army to confuse the Spanish army. Guerrilla warfare.  1579 Northern Provinces declared their independence from Spain  Southern Netherlands were Catholic and remained under the control of the Spanish