Section A 36 marks (paper is out of 60 in total) 61 minutes 5 questions – all source based 5 sources A – E Can be on any topic from the American West YOU MUST ANSWER THIS SECTION!

(a) What do Sources A and B suggest about white attitudes to Indians and the Plains? (4 marks) Source B From an account by a white man, Horace Greely of his journey from New York to San Francisc, published in 1859 The average Indian is a being who does little credit to human nature. I passed over the magnificent lands of Kansas, the best corn lands on earth and saw the Indians sitting around the doors of their tipis at the height of the planting season. I could no help saying, “These people must die out – there is no help for them. God has given this earth to those who will tame and cultivate it.’ Source A A painting by George Catlin, 1836 showing a Manidan Indian scalping an enemy. These paintings were copied and sold in the East of America

Mark scheme – 4 marks Fail to address the question – 0 marks Level 1: Select simple details from the sources – 1 mark Level 2: Makes a simple inference about both sources – 2-3 marks Level 3: Make a complex inference from both sources – 4 marks Top Tips 9 minutes 2 paragraphs – NO MORE Say what you see Say what this tells you, (what does it suggest) Use your own knowledge to add detail that helps put it into context YOU MUST REFER TO BOTH SOURCES and combine them

Model Answer Sources A and B suggest that the Plains Indians were savage and uncivilised. Source A shows the practice of scalping which the Indians did to their enemies to remove their soul so that they wouldn’t meet them in the after life and it is shown as a very brutal act. Source B further shows the Indians in a harsh light as it suggests that they waste land that was given by God for farming. It also makes them look lazy because they sit around doing nothing. Overall, the sources show the Indians as brutal and lazy and therefore suggest that they are like animals and shouldn’t be allowed to live on the Plains.

(b) What different white attitudes to Indians and the Plains are suggested by Sources C and D? Explain your answer using Sources A, B, C and D. (6 ma rks) Source D Another white man’s view of the Plains Indians. From an account by Henry Whipple, Bishop of Minnesota, written in November ‘Promises made to the Indians have been shamelessly broken. Our Indian wars are unnecessary and evil. The North American Indian is the noblest type of heathen man on earth. The Indians have no land rights or laws to protect them. The Indians were given the Indian Territory as compensation for wrongs done to them. Greedy eyes now want that land. Dark as their history is, there is a brighter side. Thousands who were once wild, painted savages will find their greatest joy in the bible which will civilise our Red brothers. Source C The Indian Council Meeting painted by Robson. Robson worked and travelled among the Native Americans for over twenty years between 1830 and 1850

Mark Scheme 6 marks Fails to answer the question – 0 marks Level 1: Selects detail from Source C and/or D – 1-2 marks Level 2: Simple comparison based on what all 4 sources say OR make an inference from the sources 3 – 4 marks Level 3: Makes inferences about the sources and compares them – 5 – 6 marks Top Tips 11 minutes 2 chunky paragraphs – 3 if you really must Say what Source C and D Say what this tells you and compare it to what A and B tell you Summarise the key differences between the sources by referring to them in their pairs

Model Answer In contrast to sources A and B, Sources C and D show the Indians to be civilised, democratic and human, even though Source D does point out that they aren’t Christian. Sources A and B suggest that the Indians shouldn’t be allowed to live on the Plains, but Source D is more tolerant because it says that they could be converted to become good Christian farmers and therefore be allowed to live on the Plains, but alongside the Whites. Source C shows the meeting of the Great Council which implies that the Indians are democratic and civilised, which is totally in contrast to Source A which shows the practice of scalping and implies that the Indians are brutal and savage and very much uncivilised. Similarly, Source B suggests that the Indians must die out, but Source D says that they have actually been treated really badly and should be helped so that they can continue to live on the Plains with the whites. Overall, Sources A and B seem to suggest that the Indians are violent, lazy and uncivilised, whereas Sources C and D are more tolerant and recognise Indian democracy and the fact that the Indians are human as opposed to animals suggested by Source B in particular.

(c) Why do you think Sources A and B give a different impression to Sources C and D? Explain your answer using Sources A, B, C and D and your own knowledge. (8 marks) What do you need to consider and talk about for this question?

Mark Scheme (8 marks) Fails to answer the question – 0 marks Level 1: Answer says how the sources are different – 1 – 2 marks Level 2: Simple reasons why the sources have different views – 3 – 4 marks Level 3: Developed reasons why the sources have different views 5 – 6 marks Level 4: As level 3 but links the reasons between sources – 7 – 8 marks Top Tips 13 minutes 3 chunky paragraphs -How did the author get their knowledge? -Who is the Author and how are they personally involved? -What Date was it written and what was happening in the bigger picture at the time? -Where in the American West is the source writing about? -Who is the Audience? Has this affected what the author might say?

Model Answer There are many reasons why Sources A and B give a different impression to Sources C and D. One of the most important reasons that explains why the Sources give different impressions is because of when they were written. Source A was written in the 1830s before whites really had any contact with the Indians, so they did not understand their practices and beliefs. This was also at a time when the Indians still had the Plains as the Permanent Indian frontier, so the whites didn’t really want people going onto the Plains and Source A reflects this as it makes the Indians seem dangerous. Time also helps to explain the impression of the Indians given in Source B because by 1859 the whites had started to want to move onto the Plains as part of the land hunger and they needed to justify why the Indians shouldn’t be allowed to keep the land. This means that they wanted to show that the Indians were wasting it so that they could take it from them. However, these sources are different to Source D because by the time Source D was written, attitudes were changing because humanitarians in the East were more sympathetic to the Indians as incidents such as the Sand Creek massacre had happened and also by this time there was less conflict between the whites and the Indians over land because the Indians were living on reservations so did not often come into contact with the whites. Purpose? Motive? Author?

(d) How useful is Source E for understanding the reasons why whites and Indians clashed on the Plains? Explain your answer using Source E and your knowledge. (8 marks) Source E This image of The Ghost Dance appeared in a Philadelphia newspaper, in 1891 This picture was produced on the East Coast of America in Philadelphia. It portrays the Ghost Dance movement and was published in several newspapers. The artist aimed to tackle social and political issues.

Mark Scheme (8 marks) Fails to address the question – 0 marks Level 1: Simple, basic statement about if the source is useful or not – 1 – 2 marks Level 2: Explains if the source is useful/not useful based on EITHER provenance OR content – 3 – 4 marks Level 3: Explains the value of the source because of its content and provenance – 5 – 6 marks Level 4: As level 3 but uses own knowledge give reasons for why the sources is useful or not useful – 7 – 8 marks Top Tips 13 minutes 3 chunky paragraphs The source will always be useful in some ways but not useful in others What does the source tell you? What doesn’t it tell you? (from your own knowledge) What does the provenance tell you? Can you trust it? Is it accurate?

Model Answer Source E is in some ways very useful for helping understand why the whites and the Plains Indians clashed, but it also has limitations. Source E shows an artist’s impression of the Ghost Dance, which was a spiritual protest movement organised by the Indians in an attempt to call the Great Spirit and help restore the old Indian way of life. This movement was peaceful however, in Source E, some of the Indians are holding knives and weapons which was not part of the dance and is quite likely inaccurate. This makes it less useful because it is an important factor, but if the whites saw images like this, then they would have thought the Indians were aggressive and therefore helps us understand why they disliked them. However, the Source also shows a large number of Indians which is useful for showing how popular it was and that lots of Indians took part. This shows that the Indians were disliked because there were so many of them and the whites were intimidated. The provenance of Source E also helps us to work out how useful the source was because it was published a year after the Battle of Wounded Knee where the US Army opened fire on Sioux Indians who were peacefully dancing on a reservation. By this time, the Indians were totally defeated and many people were more sympathetic towards them. The provenance suggests that the artist had an agenda to portray the Indians in a particular light as the focus of their work tended to be social and political issues. This makes the source less useful, because it may deliberately exaggerate the actions of the Indians to justify the actions of the US Army at Wounded knee. However, it is still useful because it shows that the events of Wounded Knee were complicated and people had strong opinions on it.

Why could whites not understand the ways of the Indians?

Mark Scheme (10 marks) Fails to address the question – 0 marks Level 1: General, simple statements – marks Level 2: Talks briefly about 3 factors OR about 1 factor in depth – 3 – 5 marks Level 3: Recognises and explains 3 factors in specific detail – 6 – 8 marks Level 4: As level 3 but with a conclusion saying which factor was more important and why compared to other factors OR shows links between the factors – 9 – 10 marks Top Tips 15 minutes 4 killer points in chunky paragraphs and a conclusion Factor Other Factors Conclusion