Mrs. Burhenn

 A clause is a group of words that contain BOTH a subject AND a verb.  There are two main types of clauses, an independent clause, and a dependent clause.

 Independent clauses contain a subject AND a verb AND contain a complete thought.  Example: Jimmy ran.

 Dependent clauses contain BOTH a subject and a verb BUT NOT A COMPLETE THOUGHT. They are introduced with a subordinating conjunction such as: because, although, since, if, etc.  Example: Because Jimmy ran.

 Noun  Adjective  Adverb

 These clauses act like a noun.  They are introduced with: what, where, why, how, where, when, who whom, which, whose, whether, that, if.  Examples:  He knows that his business will be successful.  That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known.

 These clauses act like adjectives.  They are introduced by: who, whom, which, whose, that, where, when.  Examples:  Men who are not married are called bachelors.  Last year we traveled to San Francisco, which is famous for its architecture.

 These clauses act like adverbs.  There several types of adverbial clauses; they can describe time, place, cause, result, purpose, condition, or they can be a concession.

 Subordinators: when, before, after, until, since, as soon as  Example: When he won the money, he decided to buy a car.

 Subordinators: where, wherever  Example: She drove wherever she wanted.

 Subordinators: because, as, since  Example: She got a parking ticket because she parked illegally.

 Subordinators: so... that, such... that  Example: He drove so fast that he got a speeding ticket.

 Subordinators: so that, in order that  Example: He drove fast so that he could get to work on time.

 Subordinators: if, unless  Example: If she hadn’t won the lottery, she would have been very unhappy.

 Subordinators: although, even though  Example: Although she thought she was a good driver, she got a lot of tickets for speeding

 A phrase is a group of words that DOES NOT contain BOTH a subject and a verb.

 Noun Phrases Appositives Gerunds Infinitive  Participial  Absolute  Prepositional

 Noun phrases contain a noun and all of its modifiers.  There are three types of noun phrases:  Appositives  Gerunds  Infinitive

 Appositives rename or describes another noun.  Example:  One of eleven brothers and sisters, Harriet was a moody and willful child.  Bob, my best friend, works here.  The boy looked at them, big black ugly insects.

 Gerund phrases are noun phrases with a gerund (-ing) at the beginning.  Example:  I love baking cakes.

 Infinitive phrases use the infinitive form (to ____)  Example:  I love to bake cakes.  Infinitive phrases can also be used as adverbial or adjectival phrase.

 Participial phrases have a participle (a verb acting as an adjective; cascading water, broken table, etc.)  Example:  Crushed to pieces by a sledgehammer, the computer no longer worked.

 Absolute phrases are ALMOST complete sentences. They contain a subject, but are missing a verb.  Example:  My cake finally baking in the oven, I was free to rest for thirty minutes.  She returned to her bench, her face showing all the unhappiness that had suddenly overtaken her. -An American Tragedy

 Prepositional phrases are phrases that contain a preposition at the beginning.  Example:  She sat around the house.  In the dark room, she felt all her old fears return.

 Are these clauses or phrases?  A boy and his dog.  Went to the store.  I had a soda.  The brown fox.  The brown fox and quick dog.  The boy laughed.  Someone stole my purse.  Stole my purse.

 When I go to the store.  Suzie plays with her dog everyday.  Jonathan runs three miles a day.  Although I can’t see him.  After I go to the doctor.  Since I got an A on the test.  How do I get to the store?  With he dog.  To the store.