Lesson 1

KWL…. about chemistry, atom, periodic table, compounds

8.P.1 Understand the properties of matter and changes that occur when matter interacts in an open and closed container. 8.P.1.1 Classify matter as elements, compounds, or mixtures based on how the atoms are packed together in arrangements.

 Everything around you is made up of either MATTER or ENERGY.  MATTER is anything with mass and volume, no matter the size.  The periodic table is a summary of all ELEMENTS in the universe, which make up MATTER.  An ELEMENT is the most basic kind of matter and CAN NOT be broken down into simpler substances. ELEMENTS are pure.

Matter – anything that has mass and volume…IN OTHER WORDS… EVERYTHING IS MATTER! YES….U Lil least to least to ME  There are 3 States of Matter…what are they? Solid, Liquid & Gas…& ? (1) Students represent (1) Students represent

 All matter is made up of atoms So what’s an atom? An atom is the smallest part of whatever it makes up

 It would take YOU about 500 years to count the # of atoms in a grain of salt! ….o my!  contains millions of atoms!

 Atoms make up elements So what’s an element? Elements are substances that are made up of only one type of atom (There are over 100 different elements & each element is made of a different atom) (There are over 100 different elements & each element is made of a different atom)

Brain Break!!

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1st Verse: They’re tiny and they’re teeny, Much smaller than a beany, They never can be seeny, The Atoms Family. 2nd Verse: Together they make gases, And liquids like molasses, And all the solid masses, The Atoms Family Chorus 3rd Verse: Neutrons can be found, Where protons hang around; Electrons they surround The Atoms Family. Chorus Chorus: They are So small. (Snap, snap) They are Round Like a ball. (Snap, snap) They Make up the Air They’re every where Can’t see them at all. (Snap, snap)

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 Universe = Hydrogen (about 90% of total mass of Universe)  Atmosphere = Nitrogen (about 78%)  Humans = Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen  Humans are 61-65% Oxygen!  “CHON”  Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

 1) Areas where they are found (EX: Magnesium ~ Greek region of Magnesia  2) Greek Words (it’s all GREEK to me ) (EX: Lithium ~ “Lithos” meaning stone in Greek  3) Planets (EX: Neptunium ~ Neptune)  4) After Scientists (EX: A very smart person?? Einsteinium)  5) Latin Words (EX: Gold ~ Aurum = Au)  H & O sitting in a bar….. LOL!!!

 Atoms are made of even smaller parts SohNucleus – the center of an atom Electron Cloud: all of the electrons circling together around the nucleus

ProtonsNeutrons  Protons have a positive charge  R-U-Sure??  R-U-Sure??  Neutrons have no charge  For U Mr. Neutron….  For U Mr. Neutron…. BOTH are found inside of the nucleus

Electron Cloud: ◦ Electrons have a negative charge ◦ Electrons are MUCH smaller than protons or neutrons (2000 Xs smaller ) ◦ Electrons orbit the nucleus on paths called energy levels (rings or shells)

* ELECTRONS will always orbit around the nucleus in the ELECTRON CLOUD (TVs, computers…images created by moving electron beam) Overall charge of nucleus = + Overall charge of electron cloud = --- ***Opposite charges attract & Like charges repel!!***

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 Elements go in order based on Atomic Number (= # of protons)  Symbol & Name  Atomic Mass = protons + neutrons, decimal because it is average of all isotopes of element  Electrons = same # as Protons(if neutral atom!)  To find # of neutrons: SUBTRACT Atomic # from Atomic Mass # (rounded)

Atomic Number Symbol Name Atomic Mass  Atomic number equals the number  of ____________ or ________________.  Atomic mass equals the number of ______________ + _______________. SYMBOL RULES: ELEMENT SYMBOLS START WITH A CAPITAL LETTER…any other letters in the symbol are lower case….. Co ≠ CO !!

To find the number of neutrons: 1. Round the Atomic Mass (P + N) to a whole number 2. Atomic Mass – Atomic Number = # of Neutrons 2. Atomic Mass – Atomic Number = # of Neutrons

Name: Nelda Neutron Description: Neutral Favorite Activity: Hanging out at the Nucleus Arcade In the center of Matterville, there is a place called the Nucleus Arcade, where two members of the Atoms Family like to hang out. Perky Patty Proton, like her sisters, is quite large with a huge smile and eyes that sparkle (+). Patty is always happy and has a very positive personality. Nerdy Nelda Neutron is large like Patty, but she has a boring, flat mouth and eyes with zero expression (o). Patty, Nelda, and their sisters spend all their time at the arcade. The Atoms Family from Matterville Name: Patty Proton Description: Positive Favorite Activity: Hanging out at the Nucleus Arcade

Name: Elliott Electron Description: Negative Favorite Activity: Racing around the arcade Around the Nucleus Arcade, you will find a series of roadways that are used by the brothers in the Atoms Family. Elliott Electron races madly around the Arcade on his go-kart. He rides so fast that no one can be sure where he is at any time. Elliott is much smaller than Patty and Nelda and he is always angry because his big sisters will not let him in the Arcade. He has a frown on his face, eyes that are squinted with anger, and a very negative (-) attitude. Elliot and his brothers are forced to hang out on the streets outside the arcade.

Energy Street can only hold 2 Electron brothers. The second street, called the Energy Freeway, can hold 8 brothers. The third energy street, called the Energy Superhighway, can hold 8 of the brothers. Nucleus “Arcade” Contains protons & neutrons 2 nd Energy Level “Energy Freeway” Can hold 8 electrons 3 rd Energy Level “Energy Superhighway” Can hold 8 electrons First Energy Level “Energy Street” Can hold 2 electrons

MATTERVILLE IS NEUTRAL AS LONG AS IT HAS THE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS (+) AND ELECTRONS (-) SO THE TOWN HAS A BALANCED CHARGE! BUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IT DOESN’T? …TO BE CONTINUED!

 Bohr Model of the atom: All of the protons and the neutrons The 1 st ring can hold up to 2 e - The 2 nd ring can hold up to 8 e - The 3 rd ring can hold up to 8 e -

As a class:  Boron On your own:  Oxygen  Lithium Draw on page 2

Lesson 2

 FIRST OF ALL, WHAT IS AN ATOM?  PROTON?  NEUTRON?  ELECTRON?  ATOMIC NUMBER?  ATOMIC MASS?  ELEMENT?

…CONTINUED

MATTERVILLE IS NEUTRAL AS LONG AS IT HAS THE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS (+) AND ELECTRONS (-) SO THE TOWN HAS A BALANCED CHARGE! BUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IT DOESN’T?

Need to be stable ---a stable atom has a complete outer shell of electrons outer shell of electrons are called valence electrons outer shell of electrons are called valence electrons the number of electrons in the outer shell = valence # the number of electrons in the outer shell = valence # Need to have a neutral overall charge ---if an atom has gained or lost e- in order to become stable, it will bond with another atom(s) that have an opposite charge in order to be neutral

 Ions are atoms that have a charge (either + or - )  Ions form when an atom gains or loses electrons  Gain (take) an electron = negative charge  Lose (give) an electron = positive charge

Matterville is neutral as long as each negative Electron brother is balanced out by one positive Proton sister. The number of residents in Matterville depends on the total number of Proton and Neutron families. Challenge: What would happen in Matterville if one Electron brother was kidnapped?

Challenge 2: What would happen in Matterville if Electron Eddie, a cousin, moved to Matterville?

ISOTOPES: atoms of the same element with a different # of NEUTRONS. To find ATOMIC MASS # OF ISOTOPES: Add PROTONS + NEUTRONS EX: Chlorine atoms – 17 protons However..some Cl atoms have 18 neutrons; some have 20 neutrons

 Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons.  Gaining or losing a neutron is like gaining or losing weight…same identity, different mass!

 The number of protons determines what element it is!  This is the element’s IDENTITY!  Atoms that lose protons are called radioactive.