Research Designs/Approaches & Types by Moazzam Ali Malik

Major Designs of Research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research is conducted to have a better understanding of not only about the current situation is but also why it is so is much broader in scope than the historical research is more open and responsive to the research participants uses a variety of methods and data collection strategies is characterized as multi-method offers opportunities for descriptive and exploratory studies Its overall purpose is to explain and gain insight and understanding of phenomena through intensive collection of narrative data. It is inductive and process-oriented

Quantitative Research Quantitative research involves the collection of numerical data It also involves the description of data, finding out the relationship among quantifiable variables and inferring of results. It depends on the statistical data analysis Its overall purpose is to explain, predict, or /and control phenomena through focused collection of numerical data. It is deductive, focused and outcome-oriented

Qualitative vs. Quantitative: A Step by Step Comparison Overall purpose Explain and gain insight and understanding of phenomena through intensive collection of narrative data Quantitative Overall purpose Explain predict or /and control phenomena through focused collection of numerical data

Qualitative Quantitative Approach to Inquiry Inductive Subjective Process oriented Approach to Inquiry Deductive Objective Focused Outcome oriented

Qualitative Quantitative Hypotheses Tentative Evolving Based on particular study Hypotheses Specific Testable Stated prior to particular study

Qualitative Quantitative Review of related Literature Limited Does not significantly affect particular study Review of related Literature Extensive Does significantly affect particular study

Qualitative Quantitative Research setting Naturalistic to the degree possible Research setting Controlled to the degree possible

Qualitative Quantitative Sampling Small Not necessarily representative In order to acquire in depth understanding Sampling Random/Non-random Large Representative sample in order to generalize results to a population

Qualitative Quantitative Measurement Non standardized Narrative Ongoing Measurement Standardized Numerical At the end

Qualitative Quantitative Design and Method Flexible Specified only in general terms in advance of study Involves nonintervention Minimal disturbance Historical Ethnographic Case study Design and Method Structured Inflexible Specified in detail in advance of study Involves intervention,manipulation and control Descriptive Co- relational Causal-comparative Experimental

Qualitative Quantitative Data Collection Strategies Non participant observation Semi-structured, formal interviews Administration of tests and questionnaires Data Collection Strategies Document collection Participant observation Unstructured, informal interviews Taking extensive, detailed field notes

Qualitative Quantitative Data Analysis Raw data are words Essentially ongoing Involves synthesis Data Analysis Raw data are numbers Performed at end of study Involves statistics

Qualitative Quantitative Data interpretation Conclusions tentative Reviewed on ongoing basis Generalizations speculative Data interpretation Conclusions and generalizations formulated at the end of study Stated with predetermined degree of certainty

Present Trend in Research More Structured qualitative Research Increased application of both inquiry strategies in same study

Types of Qualitative & Quantitative Designs The following slides list Qualitative and Quantitative research designs; but one should be mindful of the fact that these designs of research cannot be strictly compartmentalized as; quite recently, many researchers in social sciences have advocated the mixed-method approach. Moreover, Longitudinal and Cross-sectional research may involve both the Qualitative and Quantitative approaches.

Types of Quantitative Research Experimental Research Non-experimental Research Quasi-experimental Research

Experimental & Non Experimental Studies Experimental research is when a researcher is able to manipulate the predictor variable and subjects to identify a cause-and-effect relationship. This typically requires the research to be conducted in a lab, with one group being placed in an experimental group, or the ones being manipulated, while the other is placed in a control group, or inert condition or non-manipulated group. A laboratory-based experiment gives a high level of control and reliability. Non-experimental research is the label given to a study when a researcher cannot control, manipulate or alter the predictor variable or subjects, but instead, relies on interpretation, observation or interactions to come to a conclusion. Typically, this means the non- experimental researcher must rely on correlations, surveys or case studies, and cannot demonstrate a true cause-and-effect relationship. Non-experimental research tends to have a high level of external validity, meaning it can be generalized to a larger population.

Experimental & Non Experimental Studies

Experimental Study Designs There are so many types of experimental design that not all of them can be considered here. This section, therefore, is confined to describing those most commonly used in the social sciences. These designs have been categorised as:  the after-only experimental design; the before-and-after experimental design; the control group design; the double-control design; the comparative design; the ‘matched control’ experimental design; the placebo design

Non-experimental Study Designs A design in which the researcher is a passive agent, who observes, measures, and describes a phenomenon as it occurs or exists. Descriptive Relationships Correlational Comparative Causal Comparative Surveys Cross-sectional Longitudinal

Quasi-experimental Research Participants are assigned to the groups based on some characteristics or quality which brought these people to the study Is also called post hoc research or after the fact research

Types Qualitative Research Designs Following list comprises of most commonly used qualitative research designs. However, some of the given research designs can be used by applying quantitative techniques or a mixture of qualitative and quantitative techniques, both. Naturalistic and Ethnographic Research Historical Research Exploratory Research Action Research Case Studies Document Analysis/Interpretative Research Surveys Cross-sectional Longitudinal

Thanks