ENTRY QUIZ 1.What elements do you already know? 2.What is similarity? 3.What is major difference? 4.What is metal? 5.What are gases?

FOURTH ELEMENT BERYLLIUM Be Atomic number 4 Atomic weight Synthesized in stars, rare on earth Alkaline earth metal, steel-gray, strong, lightweight 4 protons, 4 electrons, 5 neutrons

Periodic table. Elements Matter and Energy Resources

Matter Forms, Structure, and Quality Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is found in two chemical forms: elements and compounds. Various elements, compounds, or both can be found together in mixtures.

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Atoms: The smallest unit of matter that is unique to a particular element. Ions: Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms. Molecules: Combinations of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds.

What are Atoms? The main building blocks of an atom are positively charged PROTONS, uncharged NEUTRONS, and negatively charged ELECTRONS Each atom has an extremely small center, or nucleus, containing protons and neutrons.

Atomic Number and Mass Number. Atomic number The number of protons in the nucleus of each of its atoms. Mass number The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

Elements are organized through the periodic table by classifications of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids

Inorganic Compounds All compounds not Organic Ionic Compounds Sodium chloride (NaCl) Sodium bicarbonate (NaOH) Covalent compounds Hydrogen (H 2 ) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Ammonia (NH 3 )

Formation of Ionic Compounds Transfer of electrons between the atoms of these elements result in drastic changes to the elements involved Sodium and chlorine serves as a example Sodium is a rather "soft" metal solid, with a silver-gray color Chlorine is greenish colored gas When a single electron is transferred between these elements, their atoms are transformed via a violent reaction into a totally different substance called, sodium chloride, commonly called table salt -- a white, crystalline, and brittle solid

Inorganic Compounds The earth’s crust is composed of mostly inorganic minerals and rock The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable resource we use: fossil fuels, metallic minerals, etc. Various combinations of only eight elements make up the bulk of most minerals.

Nonmetallic Elements. Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), Hydrogen (H), and Phosphorous (P) Nonmetallic elements make up about 99% of the atoms of all living things

Covalent Bonds The individual atoms are atoms of chlorine with only their valence electrons shown. Note that each chlorine atom has only seven valence electrons, but really wants eight. When each chlorine atom shares its unpaired electron, both atoms are tricked into thinking each has a full valence of eight electrons. Notice that the individual atoms have full freedom from each other, but once the bond is formed, energy is released, and the new chlorine molecule (Cl 2 ) behaves as a single particle.

A covalent bond is typically formed by two non-metals Non-metals have similar electronegativities Neither atom is "strong" enough to steal electrons from the other Therefore, the atoms must share the electrons.

Organic Compounds Compounds containing carbon atoms combined with each other with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc. Hydrocarbons Compounds of carbon and hydrogen Chlorofluorocarbons Carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms Simple carbohydrates carbon, hydrogen, oxygen combinations

Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons

Biological Organic Compounds Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome P450)

Biological Organic Compounds Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic Acid (DNA)

Earth’s Crust

Matter Quality Matter quality is a measure of how useful a matter resource is, based in its availability and concentration. High quality matter is organized, concentrated, and usually found near the earth’s crust. Low quality is disorganized, dilute, and has little potential for use as a matter resource.

Quality Counts HIGH QUALITY LOW QUALITY

Energy Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer heat.

Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity. It is energy in action or motion. Wind, flowing streams, falling rocks, electricity, moving car - all have kinetic energy.

Potential Energy Potential energy is stored energy that is potential available for use. Potential energy can be changed to kinetic energy.

Electromagnetic Spectrum The range of electromagnetic waves, which differ in wavelength (distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content.

Energy Quality Very High Electricity, Nuclear fission, and Concentrated sunlight. High Hydrogen gas, Natural gas, and Coal. Moderate Normal sunlight, and wood. Low Low-temperature heat and dispersed geothermal energy.

Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy In any nuclear change, the total amount of matter and energy involved remains the same. E = mc 2 The energy created by the release of the strong nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will produce enough energy to elevate the temperature of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in one day by 10,000 o C

Natural Radioactive Decay Natural radioactive decay is a nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles, high energy radiation, or both at a fixed rate.

Alpha, Beta, Gamma Rays.

Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission is a nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons, each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy. Nuclear fission is a nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons, each fission releases two or three more neutrons and energy.

What is Nuclear Fusion? Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements, such as hydrogen, are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process.

The First Law of Thermodynamics In all physical and chemical changes, energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted from one form to another.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Physical, chemical, and electrical energy can be completely changed into heat. But the reverse (heat into physical energy, for example) cannot be fully accomplished without outside help or without an inevitable loss of energy in the form of irretrievable heat. This does not mean that the energy is destroyed; it means that it becomes unavailable for producing work.

High Waste or High-Throughput Societies Most of today’s advanced industrialized countries are high waste or high throughput societies They attempt to sustain ever-increasing economic growth by increasing the throughput of matter and energy resources in their economic systems.

Low Waste Societies The three scientific laws governing matter and energy changes indicate that the best long-term solution to our environmental and resource problems is to shift from a society based on maximizing matter and energy flow to a sustainable low waste society.

EXIT QUIZ 1.Are there any elements in liquid state? 2.In solid, example? 3.In gas, example? 4.Can one element be transformed to another? 5.Can compound be an element?