Paraphrase

♠ Thorough ♠ Accurate ♠ Fair

“These are the times that try men’s souls.” The Crisis, No. 1, Thomas Paine

“’Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.” Lord Tennyson, In Memorium, A.H.H.

In a paraphrase, be careful not to distort the author’s opinion.

Direct Quotes

When to quote: ♠ Use a direct quote when the author has written something in a distinctive or especially insightful or interesting way

Use a quote when: ♠ material that lends support to a position you are trying to make in the paper ♠ material that disagrees with a position you are advocating or who offer other explanations

When NOT to quote: ♠ just to fill space ♠ as a substitute for thinking

♠ passages that you do not understand well enough to paraphrase!

Short Quotes: ♠ quotes less than four typed lines ♠ They are typed within the body of the paragraph.

♠ a short quote always has quotation marks ♠ a short quote must always be introduced

Example: One source states that “there were signs that Elizabeth's reign would be a turning point in English history right from the start” (Smith 244). Those signs included the beginning of her

Notice the punctuation in a citation for a short quote.

Short Quote: different” (Sand par. 12).

Use an ellipses when deleting information from a quotation to indicate the deleted words.

Ellipses are three periods with a space between each period inside brackets. [...]

Example: “The correct way to sew [...] can be demonstrated by men and women” (Doolittle 16).

♠ A good rule of thumb is: if more than THREE words in a row is from another source, make sure there are quotation marks around it.

Internal Documentation (parenthetical references)

When do I document? When information from another source is used in your research paper

What do I document? Document quotes Document paraphrases Document anytime you use another’s words or ideas.

(Welshimer 33) “Welshimer” is the author. “33” is the page number.

There should be a space followed by an open parenthesis, author’s last name, a space, the page number, and a closed parenthesis. (Roper 224)

Example: Nearly all crimes that are committed by repeat offenders are violent crimes (James 22). Notice the period to the sentence goes after the parenthetical documentation.

♠ When a source contains two or more different authors by the same last name, include the first initial in the document. (L. James 22) (S. James 6)

♠ For a source with two authors, use both authors’ last names. (Reynolds and Roper 32)

♠ If a source has two or more works by the same author, place a comma after the author’s last name, followed by the title of the work, a space, and the page number. (Welsh, “English Rules” 33)

An author’s last name is not stated within the parenthesis under the following three conditions:

♠ For a work with no author, place the first word of the title (excluding articles) in quotation marks if it is a periodical or italicize it if it is a book and type the page number. (“Time” 16) (King 16)

♠ Omit the author’s last name if it is given in the text. Example: According to Judd, football is more exciting than research papers (164).

♠ Omit the author’s last name if it has been given in the previous citation and only the page number has changed.

Example: The administration hopes that there will be high numbers at the performance of The Phantom of the Opera (Wilkinson 24). The money it takes to put on a play of this magnitude is almost distressing (28).

For Electronic Sources: cite sources the same way as a book, but with a paragraph number instead of a page number.

You must use a paragraph number for an Internet source, even if it is from a school database because there are no page numbers on these sources.

Open parenthesis, author’s last name, one space, “par.”, one space, the paragraph number, and closed parenthesis. (Lewis par. 14)

Example: “More people need to buy yearbooks in order to remember their favorite things of their high school years” (Beavers par. 12).

Plagiarism

♠ the word for word transposing of a passage without quotation marks or a citation indicating the original author

Example: There were signs that Elizabeth's reign would be a turning point in English history right from the start. The rule of her father, Henry VIII, had been characterized by violence and brutality. But, in an unprepossessing manuscript, a copy of her first speech as queen, Elizabeth vowed to rule "by good advice and counsel.” During her reign, Parliament became more powerful than battlefield politics, and reasoning and rhetoric trumped bloodshed. "The Queen, As She Was” Newsweek International

♠ the partial quotation and paraphrase of a passage without quotation marks indicating the original author

Example: From the start of Elizabeth’s rule, things were proven to be different. Her dad, Henry VIII, had been characterized by violence and brutality. However the queen said in her first speech that she would rule "by good advice and counsel.” During her reign, Parliament became more powerful than battlefield politics, and reasoning and rhetoric trumped bloodshed.

♠ the complete paraphrase of a passage without a citation indicating the ideas of the original author

Example: Henry VIII’s reign was harsh, with a lot of force and bloodshed. However, Elizabeth I vowed to be different. As the new queen, she addressed her country saying she would have good counselors to help her. Therefore, in her reign, reason became more powerful than force.

♠ Stealing another person’s ideas is plagiarizing.