Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–2 QUESTION.

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Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–2 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–3 ANSWER ) 5)none of these Section 2.2 FundamentalChemical Laws(p. 41 The Law of Proportions states that when two elements form more than one compound, the masses of one element in these compounds for a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–4 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–5 ANSWER 2 4)NO and NO Section 2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws (p. 41) These are two compounds containing the same two elements, but in different ratios: 1:1 and 1:2.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–6 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–7 ANSWER ) 3)All atoms of a given element are identical. Section 2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory(p. 43 Since Dalton’s time we have learned that two atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. These are called isotopes.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–8 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–9 ANSWER ) 5)the Greeks. Section 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry (p. 39 The origins of history, medicine, philosophy and mathematics can be traced back to the Greeks as well.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–10 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–11 ANSWER ) 2)Boyle. Section 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry (p. 39 These experiments included his work with the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–12 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–13 ANSWER S n 3) elenium Section 2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (p. 43) Selenium has been shown to be an important trace mineral for human beings. It appears to be a integral part to the structure of several enzymes.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–14 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–15 ANSWER 1)J. J. Thomson. Section 2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom (p. 45) The particles were studied by J.J. Thomson during his cathode ray tube experiments in the last part of thenineteenth century.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–16 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–17 ANSWER 3) Ernest Rutherford. Section 2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom(p. 45) As the atomic number increases the number of neutrons of stable atoms increases at a higher rate.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–18 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–19 ANSWER 2.5 ) 5) 14 8 N Section The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction(p. 49 The subscript is the atomic number. Nitrogen’s atomic number is always 7 no matter the isotope.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–20 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–21 ANSWER S) – 1)20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons. Section 2.5 The Modern View of Atomic tructure: An Introduction(p. 49 The subscript is the number of protons. The superscript is the number of protons plus neutrons. Therefore the number of neutrons is A neutral calcium atom has 20 electrons, but this is a +2 calcium ion, so it has 18.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–22 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–23 ANSWER 2.6) 2)Ions are formed by changing the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. Section Molecules and Ions(p. 52 The removal of a proton from the nucleus requires extraordinary amounts of energy. It will only happen during a nuclear reaction.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–24 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–25 QUESTION (continued)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–26 ANSWER ) 4)a, d and b, e Section 2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction(p. 49 Isotopes have the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons, so they can be organized by atomic number.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–27 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–28 ANSWER ) 4)two of these. Section 2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction(p. 49 The number of electrons in a neutral atom is the same as the number of protons. The number of protons (atomic number) allows you to name the element by consulting the periodic table.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–29 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–30 ANSWER 1)0%. Section 3.1 Atomic Mass (p. 77) The is an average of the isotopic masses. None of the isotopes has a mass of

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–31 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–32 ANSWER 4) 8 Section 2.8 Naming Simple Compounds(p. 57) Remember to multiply the number of oxygen atoms in the parentheses by the subscript outside of the parentheses. 4) 8 Section 2.8 Naming Simple Compounds(p. 57 Remember to multiply the number of oxygen atoms in the parentheses by the subscript outside of the parentheses.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–33 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–34 ANSWER 1) Phosphorus, Pr Section 2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table ) (p. 55 Phosphorus has a symbol of P. 1)Phosphorus, Pr Section An Introduction to the Periodic Table

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–35 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–36 ANSWER. 5)tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions Section 2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table (p. 55) Metals have a low electron affinity and tend to lose electrons to nonmetals during the formation of ionic compounds.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–37 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–38 ANSWER )appear in the upper lefthand corner of the periodic table Section 2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table (p. 55) The nonmetals are found in the upper RIGHT HAND corner of the periodic table.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–39 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–40 ANSWER. 4)lithium chloride Section 2.8 Naming Simple Compounds (p. 57) Lithium is a Group IA metal, so it always forms a +1 ion. Therefore, no roman numeral is necessary.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–41 QUESTION

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–42 ANSWER. 2)iron (II) oxide Section 2.8 Naming Simple Compounds (p. 57) Iron is a transition metal that forms more than one type of ion. A roman numeral is needed to indicate which ion is present in the compound.