Chemistry deals with the natural world. Source: Terry Donnelly/Stone/Getty Images
Fireworks are a beautiful illustration of chemistry in action. Source: PhotoDisc/Getty Images
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Why is Chemistry Important? In Our Daily Lives –New Materials –New Pharmaceuticals –New Energy Sources –Food Supplies –Can you think of others?
Bart Eklund checking air quality at a hazardous waste site. Source: Courtesy, Bart Eklund
A chemist in the laboratory.
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Why is Chemistry Important? In Your Education –Help you learn to Gather and Organize Information Qualitative and Quantitative –Help you learn to find Patterns in Information –Help you learn to Analyze Complex Systems –Help you develop skills to Predict Future Events based on Patterns of Behavior –Help you develop Problem-Solving Skills Systematic Approach
Ruth Benerito, the inventor of easy-care cotton. Source: AP Photo/Ric Risberg
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 What is Chemistry? The science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes these materials undergo The Central Science –Understanding most other fields of science requires an understanding of Chemistry Physics Biology Geology Astronomy Chemistry
The launch of the space shuttle gives clear indications that chemical reactions are occurring. Source: NASA
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach Define the Problem Gather Information Facts Observations Propose Solutions Organize Information and look for Patterns Hypotheses & Models
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Evaluate your Proposed Solutions Test your Hypothesis (or Model) by using them to Predict What Will Happen Experiments - controlled procedure for testing a hypothesis or model, carefully thought out, and recorded Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 The Scientific Method - Introduction A process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, summarizing facts into laws, forming hypotheses (or models) to explain the observations and testing those hypotheses by experimentation.
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 The Scientific Method - Steps Make Observations –Qualitative Descriptions –Quantitative Measurements Formulate Hypotheses –Possible Explanations for Observed Characteristics or Behaviors Perform Experiments –Test Hypothesis
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14 The Scientific Method - Theory Repeat the process until we get a well-tested explanation Theory a well tested set of assumptions put forth to explain some aspect of the observed behavior of matter (a hypothesis that repeatedly proved true) –May need to be modified or discarded as new information (observations) becomes known
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 The Scientific Method - Law While Observing, Fact gathering, Experimenting, we may Observe the Same Behavior all the time, and therefore be able to Predict this Behavior will Always Occur in the Future Law a regularly observed behavior –Without explanation as to why the behavior occurs!
Figure 1.1: The various parts of the scientific method.
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17 The Difference Between a Theory and a Law Laws summarize what has happened and will continue to happen Theories explain why something happens –Which will also allow you to predict what will happen!
Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18 The Best Approach to Learning Chemistry Learn the Vocabulary of Chemistry –Definitions of Terms –How Common Vocabulary is Applied to Chemistry Memorize Important Information –Names and Symbols of the Elements –Names, Formulas and Charges of Polyatomic Ions –Solubility Rules Learn and Practice Processes –Systematic Names and Formulas –Dimensional Analysis Do the Self-Check Exercises while reading the text Do the Questions & Exercises at the End of the Chapter to Test your Understanding and help you See the Patterns