Chapter 7 Crisis and Absolutism in Europe

Sec. 1 Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion A. French Wars of Religion by 1560 Calvinism and Catholicism had become highly militant religions. French Wars of Religion ( )- French civil wars Huguenots were French Protestants (John Calvin)

Huguenots were powerful because of the conversion of so many nobles People who strongly opposed the Huguenots were called the ultra-Catholics (had money for large armies) The French civil wars lasted for 30 yrs. Until Henry of Navarre come to the throne.

Henry converted to Catholicism and issued the Edict of Nantes which recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave Huguenots the right to worship and hold public office. Henry converted to Catholicism and issued the Edict of Nantes which recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave Huguenots the right to worship and hold public office. II. Philip II and Militant Catholicism Philip (Most Catholic King) wanted to consolidate lands he had inherited from his father. Included Spain, Netherlands, parts of Italy and Americas

Philips reign ended in Spain had the most populous empire in the world and from the outside looked to the most powerful empire in the age. However it was not because of financial problems, armed forces were out-of-date, and gov’t was inefficient. The real power had shift to England & France

Elizabeth Tudor took throne in Leader of both church and state.(Protestant) She did a couple of things; 1. repealed laws favoring Catholics 2. she did not want Spain or France to become too powerful 1588 Philip made preparations for an armada to invade England

Spanish ships were hit hard by England’s armada. Spanish decided to retreat around Scotland and Ireland. Many of Spain’s ships were sank!

Sec. 2 Social Crises, War, and Revolution II. Economic & Social Crises From Europe faced severe economic and social crises. Why?INFLATION What caused this inflation? influx of gold and silver from the Americas

II. Witchcraft Trials Many people believed in witchcraft, or magic. Along with this they believed in witches. Many were charged with association to witchcraft and brought to trial, usually the poor and those w/out property. (75% women) The accused were tortured and sometimes admitted to things that were untrue.

III. The Thirty Years’ War Religion was main reason for “last of the religious wars” to be fought. War started In 1618 (Holy Roman Empire) Religion was main reason for “last of the religious wars” to be fought. War started In 1618 (Holy Roman Empire) Bet. Catholic forces & Protestant nobles Bet. Catholic forces & Protestant nobles Cardinal of France had a main role in making this war a political one by having Catholic France join Protestant Sweden in fighting the Catholics. Cardinal of France had a main role in making this war a political one by having Catholic France join Protestant Sweden in fighting the Catholics.

- This war was the most destructive conflict Europeans had every seen. Germany was land where war was fought. - Peace of Westphalia officially ended the war in The agreement stated; 1. that German states could decide their own religion. 2. independent states would be recognized

IV. Revolutions in England - The English Revolution (civil war in England). This war was bet. the king and Parliament. A. Stuarts & Divine Right the king of Scotland became the king of England (James I) He believed in divine right of kings which stated that the king received their power from God.

Puritans were Protestants in England. They wanted to make the church more Protestant. Charles I was James I son. During his reign Parliament passed a law that said the king couldn’t pass new taxes without its consent. B. Civil War and Commonwealth

- England slipped into civil war in supporters of king were called Cavaliers supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads Parliament won because of a military genius named Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell had a good army of soldiers who were well disciplined and trained.

- Cromwell had Charles I executed (Jan. 1649) He and Parliament abolished the monarchy and House of Lords and declared England a republic. When Cromwell seen this wasn’t going to work he dispersed Parliament and est. a military dictatorship. C. Restoration Cromwell died in Parliament restored England to monarchy (Charles II)

Some problems arose: Charles II was easy on Catholicism. His brother, James, was a Catholic. Parliament introduced the Exclusion Bill which would have barred James from the throne. This bill created two political groups, called the Whigs and the Tories. Charles did not like the Exclusion Bill and had Parliament removed in 1681.

-Charles died in Brother, James II, took over for him. He appointed Catholics to high positions. -Catholic monarchy loomed large. D. Glorious Revolution William, Mary’s husband, invaded England in James, his wife, and infant son fled to France without any bloodshed (Glorious Revolution)

- 1689, William and Mary took the throne in England. They accepted the Bill of Rights; 1. Parliament could make laws 2. could levy taxes 3. armies could only be raised w/ Parliament’s consent. 4. citizens could bear arms 5. citizens could have a jury

- Toleration Act – this act granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free worship.

Sec. 3 Response to Crisis: Absolutism

I. I. France under Louis XIV - absolutism is a system in which a ruler holds total power (Louis XIV). This idea was tied to divine right of kings. A. A. Richelieu and Mazarin These two men played an important role in strengthening the role of monarchy. Because Louis XIV was so young taking the throne, Cardinal Mazarin took control of gov’t

- Many people concluded that the best hope for stability in France was a strong monarchy. B. Louis comes to power -pg.225 -Louis was a strict ruler and became known as the Sun King or the source of light for all people.

C. Gov’t & Religion Louis est. a royal court at Versailles. It served 3 purposes; 1. household of the king 2. offices of the state located here 3. a place where powerful subjects came to find favors & offices Louis XIV had complete authority over foreign policy, the Church, and taxes.

- Louis XIV did not have complete power over local gov’t., he had to bribe local leaders to get his will carried out. - Louis was a Catholic. He had Huguenots ( Protestant ) churches burned and their schools closed. D. Economy & War - Baptist Colbert was Louis financial officer. He believed in ideas of mercantilism.

- Colbert decreased imports (by raising tariffs) and increased exports, built roads and canals, - Louis raised a standing army of 400,000. With this army he waged war four times. E. Legacy Louis left France with debts, and many enemies. He left his great-grandson the throne in 1715.

II. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe A. Prussia -Frederick William the Great Elector built a large army to defend Prussia (4 th largest in Europe) -After Frederick William, his son took the throne in His name was King Frederick I.

III. Russia under Peter the Great -Ivan I was the first ruler to take the title of czar (caesar) -He became known as Ivan the Terrible because of his ruthless deeds. - After his death, Michael Romanov became new czar. The Romanov dynasty included Peter the Great (1689)

-Peter wanted to westernize Russia. He knew by doing so, he could make Russia a great power. Peter wanted; 1. Reorganize the army 2. Form first Russian navy 3. Wanted community governed by law 4. Wanted Russians to learn etiquette 5. Thought Russians needed to cut beards and robes. 6. Wanted women & men to mix in society

Peter need a way to open a window to the West. He wanted to build a new city called St. Petersburg.

Sec. 4 World of European Culture

I. Mannerism A. A. Mannerism marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation. El Greco practiced it. In his paintings, he depicts tensions created by the religious upheavals.

II. Baroque Period - - Baroque replaced mannerism. These artist tried to bring together classical ideas with spiritual feelings. Known for its use of dramatic effects to arouse emotion. Most famous for baroque was Gian Lorenzo Bernini

A. England’s Shakespeare Elizabethan Era included William Shakespeare. The “Globe” is where most went to see theater (3,000) William Shakespeare was a writer, actor, and a shareholder in a theater company. He also knew English very well.

B. Spanish Literature Lope de Vega set the standard for playwrights. He wrote 1500 plays, with almost 500 still practiced. Miguel de Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote. This novel is looked at as the greatest of all time.

II. Political Thought A. Thomas Hobbes Hobbes wrote the Leviathan to deal with the problem of disorder. He claimed that before society was organized, it was solitary, poor, nasty, and short. B. John Locke wrote the Two Treatises of Government. This ruled against the power of absolute rule.

- Locke believed humans had natural rights (life, liberty, and property) These natural rights can be found in the American Declaration of Independence & U.S. Constitution.

Quiz Sec.3&4