Unit 2 Biology 111

Organic compounds are Carbon (C) based compounds. The three elements we will be looking at are: –Hydrogen –Oxygen –Carbon Biology 112

Is the building of a larger, more complex compound by the removal of a water molecule from two smaller, less complex compounds. (an anabolic process) A + B  AB + H 2 O Biology 113

Dehydration Synthesis Biology 114

The reverse process of dehydration synthesis. The breaking down of a larger more complex compound into two smaller less complex compounds by the addition of a water molecule. (a catabolic process) AB + H 2 O  A + B Biology 115

Living things (including cells) are composed of the following types of organic compounds: –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates What are they? –You get carbohydrates from fruits, grains etc. –The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccarides –Quick chemical energy –Can be used for structure (ie; Cell Wall) Examples Starch, fructose, sucrose, cellulose

Sugars and starches Used for energy (example = glucose) and structural parts of cells (example = cellulose) Contain the following elements: C, H & O Always have a 2:1 ratio of H:O Biology 118

Key Terms Monomer Polymer

There are three types of carbohydrates: –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides Biology 1110

Building blocks = monosaccharides examples: glucose, fructose, galactose Monosaccharides are also known as single sugars. Molecular formula = C 6 H 12 O 6 Biology 1111

Structural formula for glucose: Biology 1112

Disaccharides are double sugars. Molecular formula = C 12 H 22 O 11 Examples: –Maltose = glucose + glucose –Lactose = glucose + galactose –Sucrose = glucose + fructose Notice the “ose” trend??? Biology 1113

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates Examples = cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin Biology 1114

a polysaccharide that is the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods and of the bodies of fungi. Exoskeletons are made of chitin. Biology 1115

Questions 1.What is an organic compound? 2. Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. 3. What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides? 4. a) Give some examples of complex carbohydrates. b) How could a cell get usable energy from starch or glycogen? Text book starting on page 32

Contain elements C, H & O Do not dissolve in water! Supply energy to the cells of the body, but difficult for the body to break down. Biology 1117

Long term energy storage –1g of lipid contains 2.25 X as much energy as 1g of carbohydrate! Cushioning of internal organs Hormones (estrogens, testosterone) Absorption of vitamins. Cell membrane (phospholipids) Biology 1118

Lipids Three groups: fats, oils, and waxes phospholipids steroids

Lipids Large molecules composed of two types of monomers Glycerol – three carbon molecule containing three hydroxyl groups Fatty Acids – chains of carbon and hydrogen, ended with a carboxyl group

Lipids Fats, Oils, Waxes Include: –Triglycerides –Saturated Fats –Unsaturated Fats

Lipids Triglycerides Most common type of lipid. Energy storing. 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Biology 1123 Fats, or triglycerides, are formed by the union of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Fatty acid contains only carbon-carbon single bonds with max number of hydrogen atoms. The greater the number of hydrogen atoms, the firmer the fat. Examples: lard and butter, animal fats. Biology 1124

Fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain and has some hydrogen missing. More easily broken down than saturated fats. Examples: sunflower seed oil, plant fats, fish fats. Biology 1125

Lipids Phospholipids Main components of cell membranes. Made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids. Polar end – hydrophilic – soluble in water. Non-polar end – hydrophobic – insoluble.

What are the three groups of lipids? What are the monomers of lipids? Why are saturated fats harder to break down than unsaturated fats? Biology 1128

Proteins Proteins contain elements C, H, O & N (nitrogen!) They are used by cells to build structures and are used in chemical activities.

Proteins Examples: –Feathers, wool, silk –hormones (example = insulin) –Hemoglobin –Enzymes –membrane proteins –Hair, muscles, nails (example = collagen).

Proteins Proteins are associated with building cell structures. Whenever cells are damaged and require repair, proteins are manufactured. Proteins are composed of 20 different amino acid building blocks. There are 8 amino acids that the body cannot make! These essential amino acids must be obtain through food.

Building blocks of proteins = Amino Acids General formula: R= Variable. This differs for each of the 20 Amino Acids Biology 1132

Proteins Polypeptide a long chain of amino acids a bond formed between amino acids is a peptide bond. a protein is composed of one or more polypeptides insulin is the smallest polypeptide (51)

Proteins Structure: A unique sequence of amino acids. The chain bends and folds. The shape is important to its function.

How would you be able to identify a carbohydrate, from a lipid, from a protein? Compare and contrast: –carbohydrate & lipid –lipid & protein –carbohydrate & protein Biology 1135

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates, give an example. How / where are polypeptides built? List two functions of lipids. What are the components of a triglyceride? Biology 1136 Read pgs to assist in answering questions.

The two nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are not nutrients but they are essential for all living things. Biology 1137

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic code for almost every living organism DNA is often called a double helix because of the way it coils Biology 1138

The sugar and the phosphate molecules form the backbone of the spiral ladder, while the nitrogenous bases form the rungs. Nitrogenous bases from one side of the “ladder” are paired with nitrogenous bases. Biology 1139

There are 4 bases to DNA called nucleotides:  A (adenine)  T (thymine)  C (cytosine)  G (guanine) Biology 1140

Adenine and guanine always combine together. Cytosine and thymine combine together. Biology 1141

Ribonucleic acid. RNA transmits genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. Unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded. An RNA strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (ribose) and phosphate groups. Biology 1142

RNA also has 4 nucleotides:  A (adenine)  U (uracil)  C (cytosine)  G (guanine) Biology 1143

Organic Compound review Sheet Biology 1144