The Industrial Revolution Begins Chapter 20

Vocabulary Memorize the following

enclosure the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers

James Watt Scottish engineer and inventor who improved the steam engine

factory Places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods

urbanization the movement of people from the country to cities

socialism The idea that society as a group rather than individuals should own and operate farms and businesses

Big Ideas Learn these!

1. Factors that played a role in the agricultural revolution in Britain in the 1700s. enclosure, the use of fertilizer and other methods to renew the soil, new methods of crop rotation, new mechanical devices.

2. The agricultural revolution contributed to population growth in Britain. The agricultural revolution lowered the death rate by reducing famine and allowing people to eat better, which improved their health and made them more resistant to disease.

3. Three energy sources that helped power the Industrial Revolution. steam, coal, and water

4. Five factors that helped Britain take the lead in industrialization. an abundance of coal (natural resources) an abundance of workers (human resources) new technological know-how, capital and a market for goods (good economic conditions) a stable government and an entrepreneurial outlook (good political and social conditions)

5. The factory system changed the nature of work. It made it rigid and took it out of the context of nature (no longer seasonal) and away from the family. Also, workers in factories were no longer toiling for their own consumption, but working for someone else’s profit.

6. Three reasons why factory owners often preferred women workers to men: They thought women could adapt more easily to machines. They thought women were easier to manage than men. They were able to pay women less than men.

7. The “new” ideas of: Thomas Malthus, Jeremy Bentham, and Karl Marx. Thomas Malthus—tried to explain the relationship of population growth and family size to widespread poverty during the Industrial Revolution. Jeremy Bentham—tried to justify some government intervention on behalf of the poor during the Industrial Revolution with his theory of utilitarianism. Karl Marx—tried to show that capitalism, the foundation of the Industrial Revolution, was evil because it exploited the workers.