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khalifat rasul allah = “successor to the Messenger of God” = caliph the rashidun (rightly-guided caliphs): 632-634 Abu Bakr 634-644 ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab 644-656 ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan 656-661 ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib followed by: the Umayyad dynasty (r. 661-750)

632-34 Wars of the Ridda jihad (struggle/holy war) 636 Battle of the Yarmuk 637 Damascus taken

637 Persian army destroyed at Qadisiyya. Ctesiphon taken. 654 Completion of conquest of Khurasan 639-42 Muslim conquest of Egypt. Fustat founded. diwan (register)

644 Death of ‘Umar 655 Muslims defeat Byzantines at sea, take Cyprus. 656 Death of ‘Uthman. Outbreak of civil war. 661 Death of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib. Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan founds Umayyad dynasty, which rules until 750.

Merv Bukhara Samarqand Transoxiana Amu Darya/Oxus Indus Sind

717-18 Last Muslim attempt to take Constantinople Berbers Visigoths 711-16 Muslims conquer Spain 732/733 Charles Martel defeats Muslims at Tours/Poitiers 717-20 Caliphate of ‘Umar II (‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz)

Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Jabir ibn Dawud al-Baladhuri (d. c. 892) Very little known about him. Spent most of life in Baghdad, but travelled widely to study. Companion of caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847-61) 2 major works: Futuh al-Buldan - history of Muslim conquests to taking of Iraq/Persia Ansab al-Ashraf - biographies of important Muslims

Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi‘i (767-820) Founder of the Shafi‘i school of law Brought up in Mecca. Studied in Medina under Malik ibn Anas (d. 795). Spent time in Yemen, Egypt, Iraq incl. Baghdad (where worked as a teacher), Mecca, then back in Egypt (Fustat), where died.

Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi‘i (767-820) Wrote many legal works, including: Risala (defense of Prophetic hadith as first source of law after Qur’an) Kitab al-Umm (legal teaching on various subjects)