 flow in the upper 1,000 meters of ocean  driven by global winds

 N. and S. hemispheres each have two circulations –caused by the Coriolis Effect –clockwise in N. hemisphere –counterclockwise in S. hemisphere

 cold currents- move towards the Equator –Eastern sides of oceans  warm currents- move towards poles –Western sides of oceans

 2 sets of global winds drive currents –Trade winds- blow from NE in N. hemisphere; SE in S. hemisphere –Westerlies- blow from SW in N. hemisphere; NW in S. hemisphere  Earth’s rotation & continents push currents Winds Currents

 Gulf Stream  N. Atlantic  Canary  N. Equatorial  California  Labrador  West Wind Drift

 - The “Currents to Know” in RED or BLUE depending on their temperature.  A deep ocean trench. In PURPLE.  A mid ocean ridge in GREEN.  In the clocks, the direction of circulation for each hemisphere

 flow in opposite direction of wind-related currents  return water taken away from one side of the ocean basin to the opposite side –EX: Equatorial Countercurrents

 driven by differences in density  Density current= heavier & denser than surrounding water –Sink to bottom from surface –move very slowly –Circulate for years

 global circulation of deep ocean currents  transports warm water to colder areas & cold water to warmer areas  efficient heat-transport system  drives Earth’s climate

 carry oxygen absorbed from surface for deep sea life  retain same temperature, salinity, & density as surface  turbidity currents are an example of VERTICAL density currents!

 polar water is the most dense because it’s cold  water freezes, leaving salt behind  both of these factors increase density  depth depends on its density

 increased evaporation leaves salt behind, increasing the density  dense water sinks, replaced with less dense water  Example: Mediterranean

 vertical density currents that occur when cold deep water comes to the surface  can occur anywhere, prevalent along western coasts of continents

1.surface winds push water away from continent 2.denser, salty water suddenly rises

 large amounts of nutrients come to surface  phytoplankton populations cultivate and provide food for marine life  Large-scale fishing areas  Examples: California, Morocco, southwestern Africa, Peru, western Australia

 twice-daily rise and fall of Earth’s oceans  result of gravitational pulls from moon and sun  reach different levels depending on Earth’s location in relation to moon and sun –Moon has a greater effect since it is closer –The closer an object is to another the greater the gravitational pull.

 kqYU kqYU kqYU  Gtg Gtg Gtg

 Moon’ s effect on the tides: –The moon rotation around Earth causes bulges to rotate around the Earth over the lunar month (~29 days). –The moon rises about 50 minutes later each days so do the tides. Uniform water level Moon Moon’s orbit Low tide Direct high tide Indirect high tide

 sun can enhance or detract from the moon’s effects –Spring Tides occur when the sun and moon are in alignment (enhances tides)  High tides are higher and low tides are lower

–Neap Tides occur when the sun and moon are at right angle (sun lowers moon’s pull)  Average tides worldwide

 Tidal Range is the difference between high and low tides. –more noticeable on oceans than lakes –Small lakes show no tides at all –Great Lakes have tides with ranges of just a few centimeters –Ocean tidal ranges can vary greatly  closer to the poles the greater the tidal range

 The shapes of individual shorelines influence the tidal range –A narrow bay has a greater tidal range than a wide coastal area. Bay of Fundy, High tide Bay of Fundy, Low tide